SHADE TREES AND HEDGES 333 



" Summer pruning is sometimes practiced with good 

 results. It consists in pinching off the ends of the vig- 

 orous shoots at the period of active growth in early sum- 

 mer. The object is to favor the development of fruit- 

 spurs." 



Further remarks on the pruning of small -fruit 

 plants may be found in Card's "Bush -Fruits." 



Shade Trees 



When shade trees are once well established, 

 they usually need no attention in pruning except 

 to remove broken or dying parts, to cut off limbs 

 which hang too low, and to correct any tendency 

 towards unshapely growth. When planted, the 

 shade tree, if well branched, should be pruned 

 in essentially the same way as apples and pears. 

 Figs. 144, 145, 146 may be taken as models. 

 Young trees which are well supplied with buds 

 on the main axis may be cut to a whip, but the 

 common practice of chopping large trees into the 

 form of bean-poles is to be discouraged. 



Hedges 



The beauty and value of hedges lie in the 

 thickness of the hedge, and in its uniformity 

 from end to end. The plants should be set very 

 close together, and the hedge should be system- 

 atically and thoroughly pruned every year from 

 the first. It is best, in fact, to prune the hedge 



