PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING 345 



Bring forward the weak side from the wall, and keep 

 the strong side close to it. 



Place a covering upon the strong part, so as to deprive 

 it of the light. 



The sap develops the branches much more vigorously upon a 

 branch cut short, than upon one left long, 



Tlie sap has always a tendency to flow towards the extremity 

 of the branches, and to make the terminal bud develop 

 ivith more vigor than the lateral ones. 



The more the sap is retarded in its circulation, the less wood 

 and the more fruit-buds will it develop. 



Apply to the branches which grow from the successive 

 extensions of the wood, and also to those which spring 

 from them, the operations calculated to diminish their 

 vigor. 



Apply to the larger branches a certain number of Gi- 

 rardin's side grafts. (These are cions of fruit -spurs or 

 fruit-buds set into the twigs as common buds are set. 

 "These grafts, when fruiting, will absorb a considerable 

 part of the superabundant sap.") 



Arch all the branches, so that a part of their extent be 

 directed towards the sun. 



In the month of February, make an annular incision 

 with the hand-saw, near the base of the stem, rather less 

 than one-fourth of an inch in width, and sufficiently deep 

 to penetrate the exterior layer of the wood. ("The in- 

 cision has the effect of retarding the ascension of the 

 sap; the branches acquire less vigor, and the tree forms 

 fruit.") 



At the spring of the year, uncover the foot of the tree 

 in such a manner as to expose the principal roots through- 

 out nearly their entire extent, and allow them to remain 

 in this state during the summer. 



