THE MAKING OF WALLS 351 



this. There is, however, no danger if the precaution is 

 always taken in tying to cross the tie between the branch 

 and the wire, so that the branch is held firmly in position 

 without coming into actual contact with the wire. And the 

 danger may be still further lessened by painting the wires 

 and hold -fasts after fixing. 



"ESPALIER FENCES. These can generally be placed to ad- 

 vantage in a kitchen garden, as they occupy but little space, 

 and produce an abundance of fine fruit. They may be used 

 as a bordering near to the paths, or at the back of the 

 flower border, which is usually arranged on either side of 

 the central walk, but there are also other positions outside 

 the kitchen garden where they can be placed to advantage. 

 If the fruit is well grown, such fences present an artistic 

 appearance, and are admissible even in the ornamental 

 garden, or may be used as a division between the ornamen- 

 tal and kitchen garden. The fences themselves are usually 

 formed of galvanized iron posts, with wires stretched be- 

 tween. They require at each end a strong post made of 

 angle iron, with anchor feet and stays, to bear the strain 

 of tightening the wire. The intermediate posts need only 

 be flat iron with anchor feet. For the ordinary horizontal 

 form of training, five to six feet in height will be sufficient, 

 but if made high enough say from seven to nine feet 

 these fences are very good for training cordons upon. Goose- 

 berries may also be trained upon low espalier fences of three 

 to four feet in height, and when trained as double cordons, 

 or as palmettes with three to five branches, they produce the 

 finest possible fruit ; and this mode is strongly recommended 

 for growing the choice dessert varieties. 



"WIRE ARCHES. These may sometimes be suitably intro- 

 duced into the kitchen garden, spanning some of the paths. 

 They occupy but little ground space, and afford excellent 

 means for the training of cordons. They give a pleasant 

 shade to the path, the trees are well supported, and the fruit 

 spread out to the full effect of the sun, and in some respects 



