EVOLUTION OF GRAPE TRAINING 393 



the public, and became an accepted practice. The 

 fundamental principles of pruning are alike for 

 both European and American grapes, but the de- 

 tails of pruning and training must be greatly 

 modified for different species. We must under- 

 stand at the outset that American species of 

 grapes demand an American system of treatment. 



The earliest American pictures of grape training 

 of which I know are those in S. W. Johnson's 

 "Rural Economy," published at New Brunswick, 

 New Jersey, in 1806. These pictures are here re- 

 produced full size (Figs. 254, 255) . The successive 

 figures illustrate the events in the pruning. Fig. 1 

 shows the growth of the first year and Fig. 2 the 

 first pruning. Fig. 3, the second year's growth, 

 is pruned to the condition shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 6 

 shows the training, the bearing canes being sup- 

 ported on the main stake and the growing or re- 

 newal canes on intermediate stakes. Figs. 712 

 show the system of renewal. To one familiar 

 with grape training, these various pictures sug- 

 gest European patterns. 



John Adlum, of the District of Columbia, ap- 

 pears to have been the first person to systemati- 

 cally undertake the cultivation and amelioration 

 of the native grapes. His method of training, as 

 described in 1823, is as follows: One shoot is 

 allowed to grow the first year, and this is cut 

 back to two buds the first fall. The second year 

 two shoots are allowed to grow, and they are tied 



