HORIZONTAL ARM 437 



and training the shoots from them vertically. 

 These shoots are tied to the upper wires as they 

 grow. This type was first clearly and forcibly 

 described in detail by A. S. Fuller, in his "Grape 

 Culturist," in 1864, and it became known as the 

 Fuller system, although it was practiced many 

 years previous to this time. 



HORIZONTAL ARM SPUR SYSTEM. There are two 

 types, or styles, of this upright system. The older 

 type and the one described in the books, is known 

 as the Horizontal Arm Spur training. In this 

 method, the two horizontal branches are perma- 

 nent, or, in other words, they are true arms. The 

 canes are cut back each fall to upright spurs on 

 these arms, as explained on page 409 (Fig. 261). 

 Two shoots are often allowed to grow from each 

 of these spurs, as shown in Fig. 276. These 

 spurs become overgrown and weak after a few 

 years, and they are renewed from new shoots 

 which spring from near their base or from the arm 

 itself. Sometimes the whole arm is renewed from 

 the head of the vine, or even from the ground. 



The number of these upright canes and their 

 distance apart upon these permanent arms depend 

 upon the variety, the strength of the vine and 

 soil, and the fancy of the grower. From twelve 

 to twenty inches apart upon the arm is the com- 

 mon distance. If a vine is strong enough to carry 

 five canes and the vines are eight feet apart, then 

 the canes are distributed at intervals of about 



