500 VINIFERA GRAPE TRAINING 



ing out of the wood. The projecting pieces of 

 dead wood left in this way should be carefully 

 removed the next year, in order to allow the 

 wound to heal over. The large cuts which are 

 thus occasionally necessary are most easily per- 

 formed by means of a well-made and well- 

 sharpened pair of two -hand pruning shears. 

 These shears are often to be preferred to the ordi- 

 nary one -hand shears, because they render the 

 cutting through the nodes easier, and do away 

 almost entirely with the necessity of a saw. Of 

 course, a careless workman may split and injure 

 vines seriously by using long -handled shears 

 clumsily, but the bending of arms to facilitate 

 cutting with the one -hand shears, often results 

 in the same evil. The one -hand shears, however, 

 are more convenient when many long fruiting 

 canes are left, as the necessary trimming off of 

 tendrils and laterals is more easily performed with 

 them. 



SHORT AND LONG PRUNING. The winter -prun- 

 ing of the vine consists in cutting off a certain 

 amount of the mature wood of the immediately 

 preceding season's growth (canes), and occa- 

 sionally of the older wood. The main problem 

 of winter -pruning, then, resolves itself into de- 

 termining how much and what wood shall be left. 

 In all kinds of pruning most of the canes are re- 

 moved entirely. 



In short -pruning the remainder are cut back 



