TYING THE CANES 513 



principles used in Type II, as will be understood 

 by referring to Fig. 320. The fruiting canes 

 are left still longer, and in some cases almost 

 the full length of the cane. As each cane will 

 thus produce a large amount of fruit, fewer arms 

 are necessary than in the preceding method. It 

 is especially necessary to leave good, strong spurs 

 of one or two eyes to produce wood for the fol- 

 lowing year. There are various methods of dis- 

 posing of the long fruiting canes, the worst of 

 which is to tie them straight up to the stake, as 

 was recommended for the half -long canes. In 

 the latter case, owing to their shortness, a 

 certain amount of bending of the canes is pos- 

 sible with this method of tying. With long 

 canes, on the contrary, it usually allows of no 

 bending, and as a result there ensues a vigorous 

 growth of shoots at the ends of the fruiting 

 canes, and little or no growth in the parts where 

 it is necessary to look for wood the following 

 year. Often, indeed, each long cane will pro- 

 duce only three shoots, and these from the three 

 terminal eyes, all the other eyes of the cane 

 remaining dormant. The object of long pruning 

 is thus doubly defeated, 1st, because no more 

 shoots are produced than by short pruning ; and 

 2nd, because the shoots which should produce 

 fruit are rendered especially vigorous by their 

 terminal and vertical position, and therefore less 

 fruitful. Each year all this vigorous growth of 

 GG 



