THE GRASSHOPPER 337 



plate, while the last sternite forms the subgenital plate. Below the level 

 of the eleventh tergite, on each side, there is a triangular podical plate 

 ( ), and just above each podical plate and project- 



ing backward from the hind margin of the tenth tergite there is a small 

 copulatory organ, the cercus. In the female this is extremely small. 



The auditory ( ) organs (Fig. 219) lie on the 



first abdominal segment, which is larger than the others, though not 

 forming a complete ring on account of the hind legs being inserted there. 

 This auditory organ is merely an oval spot of thin skin stretched across 

 a small cavity and connected with a nerve. This is the ear or auditory 

 apparatus. 



The posterior portion of a female's abdomen is more tapering than 

 that of the male and is furnished with four blunt spines (six including 

 the inner guide), to form the egg-laying organ, the ovipositor. The 

 tip of the abdomen in the male is turned upward. 



The first two pairs of legs on the grasshopper are walking legs, 

 while the third pair is used for jumping. 



Taking one of the first walking legs, we find five separate divisions 

 (compare Fig. 203 and 213) into which it can easily be separated, namely, 

 the coxa ( ), the shortest joint in close proximity to 



the body; the trochanter ( ), the next succeeding 



small joint almost entirely fused with the coxa in the grasshopper; the 

 femur ( ), a long stout section, the tibia ( ) 



following this, also long and quite narrow, and finally the most distal 

 portion, the foot, called the tarsus ( ) composed of 



four joints. i 



There are spines on the leg and claws [also called ungues 

 ( )] on the foot, while a suction disc, the pulvillus 



( ), lies between the claws. The longer jumping 



leg has the same five divisions but the trochanter has fused with the 

 femur, forming a small knob on the inside of the leg. 



INTERNAL ANATOMY 

 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 



This consists as in all the other animals studied, of the alimentary 

 canal and the collateral or accessory organs, the salivary glands, and 

 gastric caeca. 



The alimentary canal itself is a long tube extending throughout the 

 entire body. The mouth is the first division and is guarded on each side 

 by laterally moving mandibles. Between these mandibles, and aris- 

 ing from the inner side of the labium, is the short tongue-like organ 

 known as the hypopharynx, at the base of which a tube opens from the 

 several salivary glands. The epipharynx is the organ of taste, and is 

 located on the slightly convex surface of the inner side of the labrum. 



