380 GENERAL BIOLOGY 



in this department of research, can be found in his famous statement, 

 "Give me a tooth, and I will construct the whole animal." 



This is the key-note to comparative study. It means that every 

 change in function modifies a structure, and that if we can know thor- 

 oughly all there can be known about function and its effect on structure, 

 and every change in one structure which may change a related structure, 

 we can, if we are given a structure, tell what the functions must have 

 been, and vice versa. 



There are men who were lesser lights in the field of Comparative 

 Anatomy even before Cuvier's time, whose names it is well to know. 

 John Hunter (1728-1793), who founded the Hunterian Collection in 

 England; Camper (1722-1789) of Groningen, and Vicq d'Azyr (1748- 

 1794) in Paris. All of these did synthetic work, but their breadth of 

 knowledge, view, and vision fell far short of that of Cuvier. 



Following Cuvier came Milne-Edwards and Lacaze-Duthiers in 

 France; Meckel, Rathke, Johannes Muller, and Gegenbaur in Germany; 

 Owen and Huxley in England ; Aggassiz, Cope, and Marsh in America. 

 When men once became interested in the great structural problems of 

 Zoology it was but natural that others should become interested in those 

 that were functional. Here was the birth of modern physiology. The 

 medical men were the first to do work in these fields. They established 

 systems of thought known as the iatro-mechanical and iatro-chemical 

 schools. 



Haller (1708-1777) took the work of these men, surveyed it and 

 evaluated it, so that he may really be called the father of modern 

 physiology. 



The first work in this new field was done on nutrition and respira- 

 tion. Reaumur (1683-1757) of Paris, and the Abbe Spallanzani (1729- 

 1799) of Pavia, did the most remarkable work in this field, although they 

 had forerunners on whose work they built in turn. 



Such forerunners were van Helmont (1577-1644), Sylvius (1614- 

 1672). Bishop Stensen (1638-1686), de Graft 7 (1641-1673), Peyer (1653- 

 1712), and Brunner (1653-1727). 



The great names in chemistry whose work affected biological stu- 

 dents are primarily Boyle (1627-1691), Priestley (1732-1804), Lavoisier 

 (1743-1794). 



In physiology proper the greatest names in Germany are: Liebig 

 (1803-1873), Wohler (1800-1882), the brothers Weber (E. H., 1795-1878, 

 and W. E., 1804-1891), Ludwig (1816-1895), Helmholtz (1821-1894, 

 Johannes Muller (1801-1858), and du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896). In 

 France, Dumas (1800-1884), Magendie (1783-1889), and in England, Hall 

 (1790-1857). The greatest of the physiologists is undoubtedly Johannes 

 Muller. 



In Botanical physiology, Hale (1677-1761), is the greatest, while 



