THE HISTORY OF BIOLOGY 389 



of the two is considered, would rank lower as a scientific man than Koel- 

 liker, who is not mentioned, but the former must stand in the list on 

 account of his connection with the cell-theory. Virchow, the presumptive 

 founder of pathology, is omitted, as are also investigators like Koch, 

 whose line of activity has been chiefly medical. 

 References. 



Henry F. Osborn, "From the Greeks to Darwin." 



L. C. Miall, "History of Biology." 



William C. Locy, "Biology and Its Makers." \ 



Garrison, "The History of Medicine." 



Albert H. Buck, "The Growth of Medicine from the Earliest Times 

 to about 1800." 



Albert H. Buck, "The Dawn of Modern Medicine." 



Lorande L. Woodruff, "History of Biology," in The Scientific 

 Monthly, March, 1921. 



A. G. Little, "Roger Bacon. Essays contributed by various writers 

 on the occasion of the commemoration of the seventh century of his 

 birth." (1914.) 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL 



EVENTS 



B.C. 

 540 Xenophanes : first to recognize fossils as proving that the earth 



was formed under the sea and rose out of it. 

 500 Heraclitus : often called the first evolutionist ; he first advanced the 



principle that "all things flow." 

 450 Empedocles : first to suggest natural selection and survival of the 



fittest. 



400 Hippocrates : called "the Father of Medicine." 

 350 Aristotle: founder of zoology. 

 320 Theophrastus : first botanist. 

 320 Erasistratus : first to give mechanical explanation of disease 



symptoms. 



300 Herophilus : first anatomist. 

 A. D. 



79 Pliny : wrote first popular natural history. 

 160 Galen : founded medical physiology. 

 1266 Bacon : wrote his Opus Majus. 

 1542 Vesalius: founder of modern anatomy. 

 1548 Falloppio : anatomist. 

 1551 Gesner: gathered first botanical garden (of fruits and flowers) and 



first zoological museum. 

 1560 Eustachio : anatomist. 

 1583 Caesalpinus : classified plants by flowers. 

 1590 Janssen, J. and Z. : discovered compound microscope. 



