CLASSIFICATION 415 



turn divided into orders, the orders into genera, and the genera into 

 species. However, the Linnaean Genus sometimes includes three or four 

 orders of our present arrangement of groups. 



Following Linnaeus came Georges Cuvier (1769-1832), who in turn 

 was followed by De Blainville (1777-1850). The latter's method is con- 

 sidered superior to that of Cuvier. 



Lamarck (1744-1829) classified animals according to their nervous 

 sensibilities, speaking of apathetic animals, that is, those without nervous 

 systems or apparent sensations among the invertebrates and the sensitive 

 animals, largely also among the invertebrates, while the intelligent ani- 

 mals corresponded to the vertebrates. 



Then came Oken (1779-1851), who suggested two different methods 

 of classifying; neither one received much recognition. One of his sys- 

 tems was based upon the arrangement of organs, while the other was 

 based upon the senses. The latter were divided into such interesting 

 but valueless groups as Dermatozoa (literally, skin or touch animals), 

 by which he meant the invertebrates; the Glossozoa (literally, tongue 

 animals), the fishes; the Rhinozoa (nose animals), which included the 

 reptiles ; the Otozoa (ear animals) or the birds ; and another class, which 

 appears to have been called interchangeably the Ophthalmozoa (eye ani- 

 mals) or Trichozoa (hair animals), the mammals. It would be hard to 

 name a set of distinctions less applicable as classification marks than 

 most of these. 



Pierre Latreille (1762-1833), Johannes Mtiller (1801-1858), and Louis 

 Agassiz (1807-1873), should also be mentioned among the systematists. 



The Linnaean system has been adopted because it introduced a 

 sharply defined grouping and a definite terminology. In other words, 

 this system permits a grouping of forms which resemble each other, as 

 well as a grouping according to relationships other than physical resem- 

 blance. 



As already stated, Linnaeus used four general groupings : class, or- 

 der, genus (plural, genera), and species. Modern systematists have 

 added phylum (plural, phyla), subphylum (assemblies greater than the 

 class), subclass, suborder, family, subfamily, genus, subgenus, species, 

 subspecies, and sometimes others. 



The following table will illustrate the present method of naming and 

 classifying animals: 



Phylum. Protozoa 

 Class. Rhizopoda 

 ORDER. Lobosa 

 Family. Amoebidae 

 Genus. Amoeba 



Species. Proteus 



The Botanists use a somewhat different classification, but the one 

 here given is the one of greatest value and importance to the student. 



