708 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 



Fig. 420. Comparisons of fore-limbs and hind-limbs. 



1. Wing of a dove ; c, carpals ; h, humerus ; me, carpo- 

 metacarpus ; p.f., primary feathers ; r., radius ; s ./., secondary 

 feathers ; u., ulna. 



A, and B. The fore-limb and hind-limb of a bird compared. 



H., Humerus ; R., radius ; U., ulna ; r., radiale ; u., ulnare ; C., distal carpals 

 united to carpo-metacarpus ; CO., the whole carpal region ; MC.L, metacarpal of the 

 thumb ; /., phalanx of the thumb ; MC.II. ; second metacarpus ; //., second digit ; 

 MC.IIL, third metacarpus; ///., third digit. F., femur; T.T., tibio-tarsus ; Fi., 

 fibula ; Pi., proximal tarsals united to lower end of tibia ; dt., distal tarsals united 

 to upper end of metatarsus, forming a tarso-metatarsus (T.MT.) ; T., entire tarsal 

 region ; MT.L, first metatarsal, free ; I. -IV., toes. 



C, D, E, F, G, Anterior limb of man, dog, hog, sheep, and horse ; Sc, Shoulder- 

 blade ; c, coracoid ; a, b, bones of forearm ; 5, bones of the wrist ; 6, bones of the 

 hand ; 7, bones of the fingers. 



H, I, J, K, L, Posterior limb of man, monkey, dog, sheep, and horse: 1, Hip- 

 joint ; 2, thigh bone ; 3, knee-joint ; 4, bones of leg ; 5, ankle-joint ; 6, bones of foot ; 

 7, bones of toes. (I, A, B, After Thomson, C to L, after Le Conte). 



taining a single bone, the humerus or femur in the fore or hind limb 

 respectively. The next region, the forearm (antebrachium) or shank 

 (cms) contains two bones, a radius or tibia on the pre-axial, and an ulna 

 or fibula on the postaxial side. Next follows the podium or hand (manus) 

 in front and the foot (pes) behind, each consisting of three portions. 

 The basal podial region, the wrist (carpus), or ankle (tarsus), consists 

 of several small bones; the second division (metapodium) is the palm 

 (metacarpus), or instep (metatarsus), and lastly come the fingers or toes 

 (digits), each digit consisting of several bones, the phalanges. These 

 separate parts are included in the accompanying table, in which the 

 terms given to the separate elements of the wrist and ankle of man are 

 included. 



