ANERGATES. 93 



ancestors, were parasitic on species of the latter genus 26 . The 

 following observations and experiments may be recapitulated 

 here : Adlerz 8 records a few experiments with Aner -gates females 

 and strange Tetramorium colonies, in Sweden. He introduced 

 several unfertilized females into a strange colony of Tetramorium, 

 when the former moved about almost unnoticed among these ants, 

 and nearly the same results were obtained by introducing unfer- 

 tilized females into another nest of Tetramorium which possessed a 

 queen and brood of its own species. A number of males, females, 

 larvae, and pupae of Anergates were introduced into an artificial 

 nest which contained a colony of Tetramorium, and all were 

 amicably received. 



Wasmann 9 obtained similar results in Holland, males and 

 females of Anergates being received and not attacked by Tetra- 

 morium workers. Janet 12 placed together in an observation nest 

 a normal colony of Tetramorium with a queen, and an Anergates- 

 Tetramorium colony consisting of an obese queen, males, young 

 winged females and Tetramorium workers. Very little fighting 

 took place, but some days later the Anergates queen was dead, 

 though still attended by the Tetramorium workers. Some weeks 

 later all the Anergates had disappeared, an unmixed Tetramorium 

 colony being the result. 



Wasmann 15 found a very strong Anergates-Tetramorium colony 

 in Luxemburg in May which contained an obese female, over 100 

 winged females, several dozen males, over 1000 Anergates pupae 

 (mostly female), and some 2000 old Tetramorium workers, which 

 were of medium size. The greater part of this colony was placed 

 in an observation nest, when pairing between the sexes was 

 observed, and after fecundation the females endeavoured to leave 

 the nest Tetramorium worker pupae from a strange nest were 

 given to this colony, but were devoured. He introduced twelve 

 winged but fertilized Anergates females males being in copula 

 with two of them into an observation nest containing 100 

 Tetramorium workers and pupae. One female was attacked and 

 her wings removed, the rest, however, being readily received, but 

 no female was taken as a queen, and all the Anergates had dis- 

 appeared in a few weeks. Wasmann suggests that a female may be 

 adopted into a queenless old Tetramorium colony or perhaps in a 

 branch nest of an old colony. 



Wheeler 17 discovered near Vaud, on June 6th at 2 p.m., a medium- 

 sized Tetramorium colony from which Anergates females were 

 escaping in considerable numbers and flying away in all directions 

 over the sun-lit grass. Forel having joined him, the nest was 

 excavated with great care, when the obese mother queen of Aner- 

 gates, several hundred Tetramorium workers, more than a thousand 

 Anergates winged females, a few hundred males, and some larvae 

 and pupae were dug up and placed in a bag for experimental 



