LEPTOTHORAX. 165 



Nylander records the capture of a winged female by Dahlbom 

 at Thorsborg on July 14th, 1841 7 , Curtis beat two males and two 

 workers out of a privet hedge in the Folkestone road near Dover 

 on July 31st, 1852 9 , and I found the male in a nest at St. Margaret's 

 Bay on August 25th, 1907. On August 23rd having swept workers 

 from the grass on the slope of the undercliff I determined to try 

 and find their nest, and this I succeeded in doing on the 25th, 

 when a small colony was found under a stone in company with 

 Donisthorpea nigra, and on digging up the chalky ground under the 

 stone, a male, deflated female, and a number of workers were 

 secured 35 . 



Fletcher bred males from eggs laid by workers in captivity. At 

 the beginning of April, 1887, he found a nest of L. tuberum under 

 the bark of a scrubby old maple at Worcester, and collected the 

 colony into a tin, but in doing so he lost the queen, as on reaching 

 home, he only found workers present. ' These he fitted up in a 

 flower-pot partly filled with earth, moss, and pieces of bark, and 

 on examining the nest in July he was astonished to see a number 

 of larvae present, and three weeks later he observed several cocoons 

 (he must have meant pupae, as the pupae of Leptothorax are always 

 naked). Late in September males began to appear, twenty-one in 

 all being reared 25 . Saunders unfortunately records them as the 

 males of L. nylanderi 30 , but the specimens, males and workers, are 

 undoubtedly the L. tuberum F. 



Crawley found a small colony in June, 1912, at Seaton in Devon, 

 in moss under flints on the cliffs, consisting of sixteen workers, 

 one male, several pupae of all castes, and larvae. Specimens from 

 this colony were named by Forel " L. tuberum F. var. approaching 

 interruptus Sch.," but as Crawley says it can only be considered a 

 very slight variety of tuberum, s. str., and he describes it as 

 follows 40 : 



" < Thorax finely rugose. Spines as in tuberum (s. str). Reddish yellow ; 

 club of antennae, front of head, but not vertex, and an irregular patch on the 

 base of first segment of gaster, dark brown. L. 2-5 mm.-2-7 mm." 



" $ Joints 2-5 of funiculus much longer than broad, but not so long as in 

 the preceding (tuberum, s. str.) Mandibles quinquedentate. Head, thorax, 

 and pedicel finely rugose ; gaster smooth and shining. Epinotum without 

 tooth-like tubercles. Brown-black ; mandibles, antennae, and legs paler 

 L. 2-7 mm." 



Adlerz describes an ergatandromorph of L. tuberum** : 



Incomplete lateral ergatandromorph. Right side exclusively worker, 

 left partly male and partly worker. Left half of head male, pronotum worker, 

 mesonotum, paraptera, scutellum and mesopleurae male ; metanotum and 

 epinotum worker ; legs male with worker colouring. Petiole and post- 

 petiole between male and worker, but left side darker like that of the male. 

 Gaster as in the worker, but on the left side of tip with an incomplete sternite, 

 representing the seventh segment of the male. There is a projecting, irregular 

 penis, with its genital valves so abortive on the right side as to be recognizable 

 only with difficulty. At the right of the penis is a rather irregular sting. 



