FORMICA. 243 



Syn. Gen. 83 (1840)] quotes Curtis, but cites fusca L., as type. In 

 1879 Girard [Traite Elem. Ent. 2 1011 (1879)] also states that rufa 

 is the type, as does Bingham [Faun. Brit. India Hym. 2 333 (1903)] 

 Wheeler [Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 21 164 (1911)] adopts the 

 last citation, but subsequently [Ann. New York Acad. Sc. 23 79 

 (1913)] attributes the fixing of the type to Girard, overlooking the 

 earlier citations. 



Wheeler in 1913 divides Formica into five groups sanguined, 

 exsecta, rufa, microgyna, and fusca [Bull. Mus. Compar. Zool. 53 

 381 (1913)], and Forel, when commenting on this arrangement, 

 gives the subgeneric name of Eaptiformica to the sanguinea-group, 

 designating sanguinea Latr., as type, and Serviformica to the 

 fusca-group, with fusca L., as type [Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 57 361 

 (1913)]. 



^ Head cordate ; clypeus large, trapezoidal, convex, carinate ; frontal 

 carinae wide apart, subparallel, usually slightly diverging posteriorly ; frontal 

 area triangular, distinctly denned, pointed posteriorly ; frontal furrow more 

 or less distinct ; mandibles broad, triangular, terminal border dentate ; 

 maxillary palpi six-jointed (rarely five-jointed), fourth joint slightly longer 

 than fifth ; labial palpi four- jointed ; antennae twelve- jointed, funiculus with 

 joints gradually and slightly thickened towards the apex, but not forming 

 a club ; ocelli always present and distinct. Thorax narrower than head ; 

 pronotum rounded ; suture between pronotum and mesonotum distinct ; 

 mesonotum rounded, suture distinct, and more or less deeply constricted, 

 between mesonotum and epinotum ; epinotum when seen in profile angled or 

 rounded. Petiole furnished with an erect scale, which is compressed posteriorly 

 and anteriorly ; gaster short, globose. 



$ Characters, except thorax, as in the ^ ; wings ample, fore-wing with 

 one discoidal cell, and one cubital cell which is always closed. 



<$ Head triangular ; clypeus, frontal area and palpi as in the ^ ; frontal 

 carinae very short and indistinct ; mandibles narrow, somewhat flat, terminal 

 border short, armed with one, or five teeth; antennae thirteen-jointed, 

 funiculus with first joint not broader than the rest, shorter than the second. 

 Petiole with scale thicker and less compressed than in the $ and $, often 

 emarginate at apex ; gaster flat and depressed above ; external genital organs 

 large. Wings as in the female. 



Ovum : White, long oval, distinctly longer than broad. 



Larva : Pale yellowish white, long, narrow, and curved anteriorly ; head 

 considerably narrower than the rest of the body ; segments well defined, 

 transversely striate, and gradually increasing in width till just before the 

 distal end. The whole body covered with short straight hairs of equal length, 

 which appear to be bifid at the apex, and are more abundant on the younger 

 larvae. 



Pupa : Usually enclosed in pale buff cocoons, but sometimes naked. The 

 pupae do not acquire the complete adult coloration before they emerge. 



Original description [Linnaeus Syst. Nat. Ed. 10 1 343, 579 



(1758)] :- 



"218 Formica. Aculeus obsoletus. Alae neutris nullae ! " (p. 343). 

 "218 Formica. Squamula erecta thoraci abdominique interjecta. 



Aculeus Feminis & Neutris reconditus. 



Alae Maribus & Feminis ; sed Neutris nullae." (p. 579). 



