FORMICA, 273 



larger and older ones more are generally to be found Wasmann 

 says six to eight queens are not at all rare in Luxemburg 39 , and I 

 found four queens in one nest at Rannoch, in which nest pseu- 

 dogynes were also present. 



In 1906 at Shotter Marial Wasmann three times found young 

 pratensis colonies which contained only a few hundred workers, no 

 fusca being present 42 , which no doubt originated in a split from an 

 older colony with a young queen. 



On August 30th, 1871, Forel found near the summit of Mont 

 Tendre a small mixed colony of pratensis and fusca which contained 

 worker pratensis cocoons 25 ; on September 8th, 1887, Wasmann 

 discovered near Exaeten, at the foot of an old oak stump another 

 small mixed colony of the same two species 39 ; and Wheeler records 

 that in Switzerland during the summer of 1907 he found on two or 

 three occasions a recently killed, but not mutilated, pratensis 

 queen in the recesses of a fusca nest 45 . 



All these discoveries in nature demonstrate the founding of 

 colonies in fusca nests, by pratensis females. 



The following myrmecophiles have been found with F. pratensis 

 in Britain : 



Coleoptera : Cetonia floricola Hbst. (larvae). 



Formicidae : Formicoxenus nitidulus Nyl., and Leptothorax 

 acervorum F. 



Araneina : Thyreosthenius biovata Camb. 



Acarina : Laelaps oophilus Wasm. 



Formica exsecta Nyl. 



Formica exsecta Nylander Acta Soc. Sc. Fenn. 2 909-11 (1846) 1 : 3 27 

 (1849) 2 ; Forster Hym. Stud. 1 23 (1850) 3 ; Schenck Jahrb. Ver. Naturk. 

 Nassau 8 38 (1852) 4 ; Mayr Verb. Zool. Bot. Ver. Wien 5 340 (1855) 5 ; F. 

 Smith Ent. Ann 1865 85, 87-88. Pf. [l]-2 : 1866 126 7 : 1869 69-72 8 . 

 Formica exsecta r. exsecta Forel Denkschr. Schweiz. Ges. Naturw. 26 51 9 

 140 10 220 11 368 12 371 13 409 14 (1874). Formica exsecta Saunders Trans. Ent. 

 Soc. Lond. 1880 206 15 ; Er. Andre Spec. Hym. Europe 2 178 (1881) 16 ; Dalla 

 Torre Cat. Hym. 7 195 (1893) 17 ; Farren- White Ants' Ways 57 18 203-205 19 

 232 2o Tf . 36 (1895). Saunders Hym-Acul. 21 (1896) 21 ; Bradley Ent. Mo. 

 Mag. 33 46 (1897) 22 : 35 14 (1899) 23 ; Vic. Hist. Worcester 1 87 (1901) 24 ; 

 Hamm Ent. Mo. Mag. 38 266 (1902) 25 ; Holmgren Zool. Jahrb. 20 353-370; 

 (1904) 26 ; Donisthorpe Ent. Rec. 17 182 (1905) 27 ; Escherich Ameise 222 

 (1906) 28 ; Butler Ent. Mo. May. 43 2;~4 (1907) 29 ; Donisthorpe Trans. 

 Leicester Lit. Phil. Soc. 12 223 (1908) 30 ; Wasmann Biol. Centralb. 28 298- 

 300 (19 )8) 31 : Arch. Trim. Inst. R. Grand Ducal Luxemburg 4 39-44 

 (1909) 32 ; Formica exsecta exsecta Emery Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr 1909 190 33 . 

 Formica exsecta Donisthorpe Ent. Rec. 21 257-258 (1909) 34 : 22 83 (1910) 35 : 

 Entom. 44 390 (1911) 36 : Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1911 179-180 37 : Ent. Rec. 

 23 10-11 (1911) 38 : 24 10 (1912) 39 ; Emery Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr 1912 672 40 ; 

 Donisthorpe Ent. Rec. 25 65 (1913) 41 ; Beare Ent. Rec. 25 258 (1913) 42 ; 

 Crawley and Donisthorpe Int. Ent. Cong. Oxford 1912 2 42-43 (1913) 43 . 

 Formica exsecta exsecta Wheeler Bull. Mus. Compar, Zool. 53 489 (1913) 44 . 

 Formica exsecta Wheeler Psyche 21 26 (1914) 45 . 



