FORMICA. 303 



1914, when I introduced a few small fusca cocoons, hoping the 

 queen might lay again and have a larger family of workers to look 

 after her eggs, she was unfortunately crushed and died two days 

 later. 



On July 25th, 1912, Crawley placed an artificially dealated virgin 

 sanguinea female in a glass-topped box containing two workers, a 

 number of pupae, and a callow of glebaria from the New Forest, 

 when the two adult workers each seized a pupa and fled to the top 

 of the box, where they remained, holding the pupae for two days 

 without having been observed to move. The sanguinea female 

 took no notice of either workers or pupae until the next day, when 

 she collected the pupae together and rested on them with the 

 callow ; more callows hatched from day to day ; the two mature 

 workers were found dead on July 28th. By the 31st there were 

 ten callows with the female on the pupae and all were on good 

 terms 78 . Crawley tells me that all the pupae hatched, and that the 

 female laid eggs in the spring of 1914, and at the present time a 

 pupa and some large larvae are alive ; these are presumably the brood 

 of the sanguinea female. Wasmann performed some experiments 

 with young fertile sanguinea females and found that fusca workers 

 adopted them readily, but Viehmeyer, and subsequently Wasmann 

 himself, found that sanguinea females pillaged the cocoons and 

 killed the fusca workers. It would therefore seem that this violent 

 method is the more usual. 



If T)arwin had known, as we know to-day, that the queen 

 sanguinea does not herself found her colony, but from the very 

 first steals the fusca pupae, one of his greatest difficulties would 

 have been removed, viz. why it is that workers, which do not 

 normally breed, inherit the slave-making instinct 72 . 



The following myrmecophiles have been taken with F. sanguinea 

 in Britain : 



Coleoptera : Oxypoda recondita Kr., 0. haemorrhoa Sahl., Dinar da 

 dentata Gr., Lomechusa strumosa F., Myrmedonia limbata Pk., 

 Drusilla canaliculata F., Notothecta flavipes Gr., Lamprinus saginatus 

 Gr., Quedius brevis Er., Othius myrmecophilus Kies., and Hetaerius 

 ferrugineus 01. 



Formicidae : Leptothorax acervorum F., and L. nylanderi Forst. 



Ichneumonidae : Pezomachus intermedius Forst. 



Braconidae : Pachylomma baccata Nees. 



Proctotrupidae : Proctotrypes gravidator L. 



Diptera : Pseudacteon (=Phora) formicarum Verrall. 



Heteroptera : Alydus calcaratus L. (larva and nymph), Nabis 

 lativentris Boh. (larva), and Pilophorus per plexus D. and S. 



Collembola : Cyphodeirus ( = Beckia) albinos Nic. 



Araneina : Evansia merens Camb., Micaria pulicaria Sund., 

 Micarisoma f estiva O.K., Dysdera cambridgei Thor., Harpactes 

 hombergi Sep., and Theridium riparium Blkw. 



