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FRINGILLIDJE. MOTACILLID./E. 19 



108. LAPLAND BUNTING. Calcarius lapponicus (Linnaeus). Irregular Arctic, winter- 

 i straggler, autumn to spring. g*g of 



Hind claw nearly straight, longer than hind toe. Tail brown, outer 

 feathers mostly white. 



Adult male in summer. General colour above black ; broad white 

 streak from eye to breast ; throat black ; hind neck and sides of neck 

 bright rufous. 



In autumn. The black and rufous parts are concealed by pale edges to 

 feathers. 



Female. Crown blackish, with light edgings ; huffish eyebrow ; nape 

 duller than in male ; throat buffy white. 



In winter. General colour greyish brown; light eye-stripe; throat 

 and flanks marked with dark brown. Length 6| inches. 



MOTACILLID2E. Wings with nine (visible) primaries. 



109. WHITE WAGTAIL. Motacilla alba, Linnaeus. Spring to autumn ; 

 - * has bred in England, and doubtless is often overlooked. 



Male. Crown, nape, throat, and breast black ; back from nape ash- 

 grey ; front and sides of head white. 



Female. Like the male. 



In winter. Resembles the next (M. lugubris\ but has lighter back. 



Young. Undistinguishable from the young of the next. Length 7- 

 7 \ inches. 



""^ 110. PIED W^AGTAIL. Motacilla lugubris, Temminck. Chiefly spring 

 ' *lo autumn, but many resident. 



Male in spring. Crown, nape, back, chin, and throat black, the latter 

 uniting with the black on the back and nape ; forehead and sides of the CJ 



head white. 



Female. Like male, but has the back slaty grey, with blackish feathers 

 here and there. 



Both sexes in winter have the back ash-grey ; chin and throat 

 white ; back of the head and nape black, with a black crescent on front 

 of neck. 



Young. In first plumage have entire head ash-grey ; face washed with 

 yellow ; the black crescent on front neck gradually developing from a 

 small spot to a full crescent. Length 7-7 J inches. 



^ 111. GREY WAGTAIL. Motacilla melanope, Pallas. Eesident in hilly (ft 

 and rocky districts ; elsewhere autumn to spring. 



Under tail-coverts brighter yellow than belly. 



Male in summer. Above bluish grey ; w r hite eye-stripe ; rump and 

 upper tail-coverts greenish yellow ; underparts yellow ; throat black. 



Female. Resembles the male, but has the throat white, or white with 

 very rarely a few black feathers. 



Young. Above tinged with brown ; throat and eyebrow buff. 



In winter. Both sexes are alike, having a white throat. Length 7-7 1 

 inches, tail about 3|. 



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