SECTION 18.] SYSTEM. 183 



plants are of higher grade than cryptogamous, and angiospermous or or- 

 dinary phanerogamous higher than the gymnospermous, yet there is no 

 culmination in the vegetable kingdom, nor any highest or lowest order of 

 phanerogamous plants. 



554. The particular system most largely used at present in the classi- 

 fication of the orders is essentially the following : 



Series I. PHANEROGAMIA : Phanerogamous or Flowering Plants. 



Class I. D1COTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERME.E, called for shortness 

 in English, Dicotyledons or Dicotyls. Ovules in a closed ovary. 

 Embryo dicotyledonous. Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves 

 reticulate-veined, 



Artificial Division I. Polypetal^e, with petals mostly present and 



distinct. Orders about 80 in number, Ranunculacece to Comaceee. 

 Artificial Division II. Gamopetale, with gamopetalous corolla. 



Orders about 45, Caprifoliacece to Plantayinaceoe. 

 Artificial Division III. Apetal^e or Incomplete, with perianth, 

 when present, of calyx only. Orders about 35 in number, from 

 Nyctaginacece to Salicacea. 

 Class II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERME^E, in English Gym- 

 nosperms. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no 

 proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous. 

 Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. 

 Consists of order Gnetacea, which strictly connects with Angiospermous 

 Dicotyls, of Conifera, and of Cycadaceee. 

 Class III. MONOCOTYLEDONES, in English Monocotyledons or 

 Monocotyxs. Angiospermous. Embryo monocotyledonous. Stem with 

 endogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel- veined. 



Division I. Petaloidee. Perianth complete, having the equivalent 

 of both calyx and corolla, and all the inner series corolline. About 

 18 orders. 

 Division II. Calycine. Perianth complete (in two series) but not 

 corolline, mostly thickish or glumaceous. Chiefly two orders, 

 Juncacees, the true Rushes, and Palmes, Palms. 

 Division III. Spadiciflore or Nudiflore. Perianth none, or rudi- 

 mentary and incomplete : inflorescence spadiceous. Of five orders, 

 Typhacete and Aroidece. the principal. 

 Division IV. Glumacee. Perianth none, or very rudimentary : 

 glumaceous bracts to the flowers. Orders mainly Cyperacece and 

 GramineeB. 

 Series II. CRYPTOGAMIA : Cryptogamous or Elowerless Plants 

 Class I. PTER1DOPHYTA, Pteridophytes (484). 

 Class II. BRYOPIIYTA, Bryophytes (498). 

 Class III. THALLOPHYTA, Thaxlophytes (503). 



