of Seeds Broad-cast, etc. 



CHAPTER V. 

 OF TUT: v.vKiors MODES OF PROPAGATION OF FOREST TI:; 



140. lu securing the growth of trees iu a new grove or woodland, 

 we may obtain j. hints tty fit her of the following method.-: 



(1.) From thf seeds .-own broad-cast or planted where tlif trees 

 arc to grow. 



('1. ) Fnun seed- lir.-t .-own in seed-beds or nurseries, or that spring 

 up i'roin natural sowing, and that an- transplanted for permanence. 



(3.; From cutting-, layers, and other methods of propagation 

 from parts of living tn-.and that ]H-rpetnate the varieties peculiar 

 to etch. These may lie separately considered: 



Broad-ca*t < 



141. In some species, this is done ly nature in a general way, by 



self .-ceding, as in ca-c of tin- eottonwood, the chief requirement 



being in the way of preparation, a fre-h mellow surface, in the 

 n when the seeds are being scattered by the winds. I'pon very 

 steep surface-, that would be liable to erosion from rains if broken 

 up, the seed may be sown broad-east, without previously disturbing 

 the soil, and upon northerly slope- this is often done with advan- 

 tage upon the snow. 



142. In establishing a growth of trees upon loose sands, it is also 

 necessary to s >w the seeds broad-cast, usually with those of other 

 plants that give them some protection whci^Voiing ; for, in this 

 0886, the lirst libers of tin- roots strike deep into the .-oil, and they 

 can not afterwards he removed without injury. 



14:5. It is generally preferable to plant the seeds in rows, so as to 

 admit of cultivation between the trees \\hile they are small. This 

 may be done by seed-planters, or by hand, as will be more particu- 

 larly described concerning the several kinds of trees elsewhere de- 

 scribed. In planting seeds directly, allowance should be made for 

 loss from deep covering, depredations of birds and insects, and other 

 waste, as well as from defective seeds, and from the various acci- 

 dents to which the young plants may be exposed. In such cases 

 they should be thinned out from time to time, and often the plants 

 thus taken out may be used in filling up the blank spaces in the 

 rows. In doing this, the hole should be first made, and the plant 



