108 Schools of Forestry.: Planting of Dunes. 



France: Nancy, Barres, and *Paris. (Institut Agronomique.) 



GERMANY : Baden, *Carlsruhe ; Bavaria, Aschaffenburg, and 

 ^Munich ; Hesse-Darmstadt, *Giessen ; Prussia, Eberswalde and 

 M linden ; Saxe- Weimar, Eisnach ; Saxony, Tharaud ; Wurtemburg, 

 *Tiibingen. 



Italy : Vallombrosa. 



Norway : At two or three places small elementary schools. 



Portugal : ^Lisbon . 



Russia: St. Petersburg, ^Moscow, Lisino, and ^Nova Alexandria 

 (Poland), besides a short course at six farm schools. 



Spain : Escorial. 



Sweden: Stockholm, and small schools at seven other places. 



Sivitzerland : ^Zurich. 



Turkey : Constantinople. 



424. These schools generally have forest gardens, laboratories, 

 collections in natural history, and especially in Forestry, and special 

 libraries connected with them. In Austria, several of them are 

 supported by Forest Associations, composed of laud proprietors and 

 others interested in Forestry. In many universities and polytechnic 

 institutions, Forestry is incidentally taught as a part of their general 

 course. 



Planting of Dunes. 



425. On certain coasts the sands thrown up by the waves are 

 drifted by the winds into hills, sometimes two hundred feet or more 

 in height and miles in widih, which are constantly changing in 

 form, and gradually advancing inland. These drifting sands, by 

 closing the mouths of streams, generally cause a series of ponds 

 to be formed behind them, which may render the country sickly, as 

 well as the soil worthless from overflow. In various places on the 

 northern and western coast of France, villages and hamlets have been 

 buried by drifting sands, and considerable tracts of fertile laud have 

 been thus overwhelmed. 1 The planting of these "dunes," and their 

 control, may be reckoned among the proudest achievements of 

 Forestry. 



426. In these exposed places, the plants need shelter in getting 

 started, and the first thing to be done is to compel the winds to 

 build a high and regular embankment for their protection. To se- 



1 We have an example of these disasters at Grand Haven, Michigan, 

 where ti railroad station has been buried by drifting sands. 



