223 



warm climate-, :ml in Italy it in thought <-<ju:il to tl < oak < 



,lder coiintrie- it i.- too porou- for cooper-' u-i- excepting for dry 



war. I highly prized for carpentry, be*i : re very well, 



and is very durable for fencing. It i- sometime- ma<le into -hiir_'l -, 

 but although durable, it is. very apt to \\arji. It.- lumber i- much 



i for furniture and inside- finishing, and shows, to fine advair 

 when oiled or varni-hed. 



*82. Throughout l-'rancc and the south of Kurope, young ' 

 nut rod- an: extensively u-ed for hoop.-, and from their diirahflfcy 

 in moi.-l plac. ill long re-i-t thedainj : lars. (': 



ii ut. c <,ppi--i - are coii-idered valuable |irojx-rty f< r I hi.- u-e, and are 

 eut oil about one<- in :e smaller rods Ix-ing saved for 



hoops, and the larger ones for vine-prop-. The American ehe-tnut 

 i- not found well adapted for thi> use, a.s tlu: wood i.-: more brittle, 

 and more liable to ;-i,lil of}' at the end-. 



i fuel, \\i<- ehe-tnut rank- with tin- lifrht wood-. ItH 

 u^' full of air, il -nap- :i- it burn-, and its charcoal i- li^'ht, 

 but still useful in for^<-s, although not as valuabh- as th<: hard-\\ 

 in the reduction of metallic 



The rsirurt i,f rl,<:<tiuii is jtrej^tred in France, by cutting the. 

 11 wood into chip-, with revolving planes, that slice acr"8 the. 

 ;rrain. The chips are then put into n-at oov;n.-d Ix/ilers, and al- 

 lowed to mascerat. hen steam is admitted, and the 

 proee.-s is continued till the tannin in tin: wood is exhauHted. The. 

 liquor is then -trained out and evaj<orate<l to the desired consitence. 

 Tni- acid product i- used in preparing Bilks, and i employed in tan- 

 ning the lighter kinds, of leather. Jn the neighborhood of Lyons, 

 Kr.inoe, they ^ ( -t 1 2~> [x:r cent of weight of the wood in the form of 

 extract, worth about 18 francs j*r 100 kilograms, equal to about 

 500 pounds, to the ton, worth 8-'J2.72. 



wood has been used to a small extent in the 

 United States for tanning purjx#CH. It appears to require a warm 

 climate, to develop t!.' -lies RO as, to be of much value. 



886. Dy'ui'j off of th': Clt&stnut. Throughout the Piedmont region 

 in Xorth Carolina and in the northern \>urt of Georgia and Ala- 

 bama, the chestnut trees have been dying off in many cases to a large 

 extent, and from causes that have not been ascertained. The mor- 

 tality in noticed in trees of all ages, and now there is, but little of 

 this timlx,T found in a growing condition in North Carolina east of 



