96 PROFESSOR STRUTHERS. 



3rd and 4th more so, the 5th to the 8th decidedly forwards 

 (angle at the 7th, about 22), the 9th a little, the 10th very 

 little. The direction of the caudal transverse processes is vari- 

 able, depending on the non-development of the anterior or 

 posterior angles of the wing, external to the intertransverse pro- 

 jections. The direction of the 1st is straight out ; that of the 

 2nd and 3rd backwards, owing to the failure of the anterior 

 angle of the wing ; that of the 4th a little forwards, that of the 

 5th and 6th very much forwards, owing to the want of the 

 posterior angle and of almost the whole of the wing, and to the 

 great depth of the anterior concavity of the neck. The 7th 

 and 8th are mere lateral ridges. The change of the posterior 

 border to the backward direction begins on the 9th lumbar and 

 continues to the 4th caudal. 



In length the processes continue the same as the last dorsal 

 to the 3rd or 4th lumbar, after which they diminish; after the 

 6th lumbar rapidly, after the 3rd caudal very rapidly. On the 

 6th caudal they are very short, on the 7th and 8th they are 

 represented by a mere tubercular trace. In breadth they 

 increase a little by expansion of the outer half, to the 8th 

 lumbar, after which the breadth diminishes as we go back. In 

 thickness, taken at the middle, they are pretty uniform. On an 

 average the thickness is about 1 inch, about half that of the 

 dorsal transverse processes. 



In form the processes show more than in the dorsal region 

 the distinction between neck and wing, as they broaden out- 

 wardly and shorten, on the posterior lumbar and anterior caudal 

 region. On the anterior border, the intertransverse projection 

 becomes more marked on and after the 9th lumbar, from the 

 falling away of the wing external to it. This becomes more 

 marked on and after the 1st caudal, giving the anterior border 

 a backward direction external to the projection. Thus the 

 typical sigmoid form of the border becomes more marked back- 

 wards. From the 9th lumbar backwards, the concavity is more 

 striking, partly from being deeper, partly from now occupying a 

 greater proportion of the length of the now shortening processes. 

 From the 3rd to the 6th caudal, the concavity becomes increas- 

 ingly deep and narrow; and on the 5th is manifestly the opening 

 out of the vertical passage seen on the vertebrae behind it. On 



