124 



THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 



May, 1913 



Cost of Spraying 



R. S. Duncan, B.S.A., Port Hope Ont. 



Herewith is given a tabulated state- 

 ment of the cost of spraying the demon- 

 stration orchards in Northumberland and 

 Durham counties during 191 1 and 1912. 

 All calculations are based on the valua- 

 tion of four men at one dollar fifty cents 

 each a day and a team at one dollar 

 fifty cents a day. Lime-sulphur is valu- 



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ed at twenty cents a gallon and arsenate 

 of lead at thirteen cents a pound in 191 1 

 :ind ten cents a pound in 1912. 



The cost of spraying the apple or- 

 chard, including labor and material, 

 varies, according to the figures given, 

 from thirty-nine to fifty-five cents a 

 tree. 



SUMMARY OP 8PEATING RULES 



From our exf>erienice along the north 

 shore of Lake Ontario the following 

 sprayings are recommended : First, just 

 before or as the leaf buds are bursting, 

 spray with lime-sulphur, commercial 

 strength, one to ten. This controls San 

 Jose Scale, oyster shell bark louse, and 

 blister mite; second, just before the 



blossoms burst or as pink Ijegins to 

 show in the leaves, use lime-sulphur, one 

 to thirty-five commercial strength, and 

 add two pounds arsenate of lead to forty 

 gallons of mixture. This is to control 

 biid moths, feeding caterpillars, case 

 bearers, canker worms, and apple scab ; 

 third, immediately after the blossoms 

 fall, and before the calyx cup closes, use 

 lime-sulphur, commercial strength, one 

 to forty, with two pounds arsenate of 

 lead added to forty gallons of mixture. 

 This controls codling worms, plum cur- 

 culio, and apple scab. 



In damp seasons it might be advisable 

 to spray a fourth time two weeks later 

 with the same mixture as given for the 

 third spraying. 



The Influence of Bees in Orchards 



W. White, Brant!ord, Ont. 



Every fruit grower realizes the im- 

 portance of good methods of cultivation 

 in the orchard. It is doubtful, however, 

 whether he appreciates the fact that in 

 spite of all his improved methods his 

 yearly income would be reduced to a 

 minimum were it not for the labors of 

 the hive-bee. He is, indeed,, greatly in- 

 debted to the beek€«ping fraternity, al- 

 most entirely dependent upon them, in 

 fact, for his yearly crops. Prof. J. W. 

 Crow, dealt with this phase of fruit- 

 growing in a deeply interesting address 

 entitled "The Influence of Bees in the 

 Orchard," delivered at the recent Agri- 

 culture Short Course at the Ontario 

 Agicultual College, Guelph. 



In his opening remarks he stated that 

 at a certain point, the two lines of agri- 

 culture, fruit-growing and beekeeping, 

 meet, forming a bond of mutual interde- 

 pendence. In its search for nectar and 

 pollen, the bee forms an essential agent 

 in the fertilization of tree-fruit bloom and 

 of nearly all bush fruits. 



Fruit pollen, being heavy and more 

 or less sticky, is not carried by the wind 

 to any extent. Although a few wild 

 native insects may assist in the pollin- 

 ating process, fruit growers are de- 

 pendent almost entirely upon the hive 

 or honey-bee. In the case of the apple, 

 wind fertilization is practically neglig- 

 ible. Under favorable circumstances, 

 this latter agency may be responsible for 

 from five to ten per cent, of the num- 

 ber of blooms fertilized. Prof Crow 

 remarked that he knew of a number of 

 cases in which barren orchards had been 

 brought into bearing in consequence of 

 the introduction of colonies of bees to the 

 neig'hborhoods in which the orchards 

 were situated. It was true that bees 

 might possibly be responsible to some 

 extent for the transmission of bacterial 

 disease of bloom. The gummy exudate 

 material, laden with germs, was fed 

 upon by bees, and in this way the bac- 

 teria were carried away by the bees. 

 This, however, should not be held to be 



the fault <:f the bees. It was the duty of 

 the fruit growers to cut out the diseas- 

 ed or blighted portions of the trees, and 

 so destroy the sources of infection. 



Apple scab was usually found on the 

 smaller half of a deformed fruit, because 

 that side was weaker and incapable of 

 withstanding disease attacks. The mal- 

 formation of the apple was due to im- 

 perfect fertilization. A perfectly, polli- 

 nated apple was better nourished, was 

 larger, and proved more resistant to 

 disease. Prof. Crow described an ex- 

 periment undertaken by him. Selecting 

 fifty clutches of blossom, he cut them 

 down to one blossom apiece, thus leav- 

 ing fiftv single blossoms. From each of 

 these single blossoms he cut out four 

 of the five pistils. He selected three 

 other batches of blossoms, thinning the 

 individual clusters down to single blos- 

 soms in the same way ; but one batch 

 he treated by cutting out three of the 

 five pistils, the next, by cutting out two 

 pistils, and the last batch, by cutting 

 out only one pistil. All the blossoms 

 in the four batches were pollenized at the 

 same time and by the same variety. In 

 the case of the blossoms with only one 

 pistil remaining, the fruit all dropped at 

 an early stage. Not an apple arrived at 

 maturity- In the lot containing two 

 pistils to each bloom, only two apples 

 developed. In the two remaining cases, 

 nearlv the whole of the fruit developed. 

 These results proved the importance of 

 thorough pollination. As a pollination 

 agent, the honey bee was by far the most 

 effective. 



Asking the beekeepers present how 

 manv colonies of bees were required for 

 an eight-acre orchard, Prof. Crow elicit- 

 ed the reply from Dr. Burton N. Gates, 

 Ph.D., of the Massachusetts .'Agricul- 

 tural College, Amherst, Mass., that at 

 least one colony was considered to br 

 necessary for the complete pollination 

 of fifty trees. Mr. Harkness, of Irena. 

 Ont., considered this proportion insuflfi- 

 cient, 



