PLEASURES AND PAINS. 105 



CHAPTEE YIIL 



Pleasures and Patns, Memory, and Association of Ideas. 



In the diagram I have represented Pleasures and Pains as 

 occupying in their hrst origin a level not far removed from 

 that at which Sensation takes its rise. I have also repre- 

 sented a short interval between Sensation and the origin ot 

 Perception, which is filled up in the lateral column by 

 Memory and Primary Instincts. Therefore, before we pass 

 on to consider the rise of Perception out of Sensation, I shall 

 devote a chapter to a consideration of Pleasures and Pains 

 Memory, and Association of Ideas. 



Pleasures and Pains. 



On this topic I have little to add to the treatment which 

 it has received at the hands of Mr. Herbert Spencer, and of 

 his disciple, Mr. Grant Allen.* Pains, as Mr. Spencer points u 

 out, may be due to the want, of action (" craving"), or to an[' 

 excess of action. These two classes correspond largely, ^ 

 though not entirely, with the division of pains into massive 

 and acute, which is formulated by Professor Bain. It also 

 indicates the doctrine of Sir W. Hamilton and others, that 

 Pain is due to excessive stimulatioQ. But it is important to 

 observe that the statement of Mr. Spencer, while " recognizing 

 at one extreme the positive pain of excessive actions," recog- 

 nizes also " at the other extreme the negative pains of in- 

 actions ; the implication is that Pleasures accompany actions / 

 lying between these extremes." 



Mr. Grant Allen in the course of his able exposition of 

 this subject, shows by many examples that " the Acute 

 Pains, as a class, arise from the action of surrounding 



* See Principles of Psycholoqy and Physiological ^Esthetics, in both 

 cases the chapter on " Pleasures and Pains." 



