IMAGINATION. 149 



The authorities which I have been able to find who 

 assert that dreaming occurs in Birds are Cu^der, Jerdon, 

 Houzeau, Bechstein, Bennet, Thompson, Lindsay, and Dar- 

 win.* Thompson also says that Crocodiles dream, but as he 

 gives no references to substantiate the statement, I have 

 ignored it, and in the diagram placed dreaming on a level 

 with Birds, as the lowest animals which I feel there is 

 adequate evidence to accredit with this faculty. According 

 to the writer last named, who is generally accurate, " Among 

 Birds the stork, the canary, the eagle, and the parrot ; and 

 among the MammaHa the elephant, the horse, and the dog, 

 are incited in their dreams." Bennet noticed that water- 

 birds moved their legs in their sleep, as if in the act of 

 s\vdmming ; and Hennabe heard the hyrax utter a faint cry. 

 Bechstein has described dreaming in a bullfinch, and the 

 dreams appeared to be of the character of nightmares, for 

 " the terror begotten during sleep was such that it required 

 its mistress's interference to prevent bad effects. It fre- 

 quently fell from its perch, but became immediately tranquil- 

 lised and reassured by the voice of its mistress." Lastly, 

 Houzeau asserts that parrots sometimes talk in their sleep."*!" 



The second class of facts on which I rely as proof of 

 Imagination of the third degree in animals is that of Delu- 

 sions. 



Dr. Lauder Lindsay writes with truth: — "Delusions of 

 sight in animals take the form, as in man, of phantoms or 

 phantasms. ... of imaginary persons, animals, or things. 

 And, moreover, it would appear to be the same kind of 

 spectral images tliat occur in other animals as in man, in 

 canine rabies, for instance, as in human hydrophobia." J On 

 tliis subject Fleming writes : — "It {i.e., a rabid dog) aj)peared - 

 as if it was haunted by some horrid pliantoms. ... At 

 times it would seem to be watching the movements of some- 

 thing on the floor, and would dart suddenly forward and bite 



* See, for original passages or references, Birds of India, vol. i, p. xxi ; 

 Facidtes-Mentales des Animav^, Sfc., tome ii, p. 183 ; Mind in the Loicer 

 Animals, vol. ii, p. 96 ; Passions of Animals, p. 60 ; and Descent of Man, 

 p. 74. 



f According to Pierguin, Guer, Elam, and Lindsar, dreaming in animals 

 may be so vivid as to lead to somnambulism (see Lindsay, loc. cit., p. 97, 

 ef seq.). Thus Guer asserts that "the somnambulistic watch-dog prowls in 

 search of imaginary strangers or foes, and exhibits towards them a whole 

 series of pantomimic actions," including barking. 



X Loc. cit., p. 103, 



