152 MENTAL EVOLUTION IN ANIMALS. 



sudden removal of his mistress, refused all food for a number 

 of days, so that it was thought he must certainly die, and his 

 life was only saved by forcing him to eat raw eggs. Yet all 

 his surroundings remained unchanged, and every one was as 

 kind to him as they always had been. And that the ca^^se 

 of his pining was wholly due to the absence of his beloved 

 mistress, was proved by the fact that he remained perma- 

 nently outside her bedroom door (although he knew she was 

 not inside), and could only be induced to go to sleep by 

 giving him a dress of hers to lie upon. No one could have 

 seen this dog without being persuaded that he had a constant 

 mental picture of his mistress in his imagination, and suffered 

 the keenest mental anguish from her continued absence. 

 Similarly there are numberless anecdotes on record, most of 

 which are probably true, of dogs actually dying under such 

 circumstances. 



All these facts, then, taken together — viz., dreaming, de- 

 lusions, '' home sickness," and pining for friends — clearly 

 prove the presence among higher animals of Imagination in 

 what I have called the third order. A question may here 

 arise as to whether I have not in the diagram placed the rise 

 of Imagination too low. I place the first origin of this 

 faculty on level 19, which corresponds with that of the 

 Mollusca and an infant seven weeks old. This question, like 

 all others of line-drawing among the psychological faculties, 

 is confessedly a difficult one.; but the reasons why I have 

 placed the dawn of Imagination so low in the psychological 

 scale are as follows : — 



It will be remembered that the kind of Imagination 

 which we have recently been considering belongs to what I 

 consider a high level of development. That is to say, I con- 

 sider the power of dreaming to occupy a place about one 

 third of the distance between the first dawn of the imagina- 

 tive faculty and its maximum development in a Shakespeare 

 or a Faraday. I so consider it because I believe that to pass 

 t'lrouoh what I have called the first three stages, so as to 

 arrive at the power of forming mental pictures independently 

 of sensuous suggestions from without, the imaginative faculty 

 has made so enormous a progress from its earliest begin- 

 nings, that the rest of its development along the same 

 lines is really nothing more than a function of the faculty 

 of Abstraction. Superimpose upon the psychology of a 



