• I 



INTRODUCTION 



status of the various races of Man ; when to these there is added 

 the study of racial differences in human crania, an idea will be 

 formed of the scope of their activity in the earlier decades of the 

 19th century. The problems of the origin of Man and of his 

 relation to other animals still remained to be added. The revela- 

 tion came in 1859. 



Anthropology thus received a wider application than here- 

 tofore, and further, it is to be noticed that two men in particular 

 (Darwin and Huxley) were instrumental in thus extending 

 and rendering more precise the morphological aspect of this 

 subject. The chief merits of Darwin in this connection may 

 be summed up in the statement that he not only suggested the 

 principle of Evolution as an explanation of the existence of the 

 many varied animal forms, but brought it vividly before a very 

 large section of the public ; that 

 he on the one hand indicated 

 a possible explanation of the 

 method of Evolution and on the 

 other hand demonstrated that 

 the reasoning involved is ap- 

 plicable to Man equally with 

 other animal forms 1 . This 

 work was very appropriately 



supplemented by that of Hux- 



i i • , i i i ,i Fig. 4. The longitudinally-bisected 



ley, who enunciated clearly the skull h oi an aboriginal native of Australia, 



Conclusions as to the relations wi th the lines shewn by which Huxley's 

 . ... sphenoethmoidal angle (6) is included (viz. 



oi Man to other animals, which bp>-, and NPr). 



would be arrived at by the 



application of the line of argument laid down by Darwin. Huxley's 



lectures 2 given in 1863 are still the best introduction to this part 



of the subject (Fig. 4). 



But the contributions of other investigators must not be overlooked 

 entirely. The way had been prepared for Darwin and Huxley. Thus the 

 " effects of environment " have been appreciated for centuries, perhaps from 

 time immemorial. The opinions of Sir W. Raleigh in 1621 on this subject 

 (cf. Nature, Jan. 23, 1902) are therefore to be regarded as "early" in a 

 relative sense only. Their importance is due rather to the suggestion they 



1 Cf. Darwin, On the Origin of Species dr.: and The Descent of Man. 



2 "Man's Place in Nature." Similar lectures were given by Carl Vogt in Geneva. 



