10 INTRODUCTION [CHAP. 



and the interest of students of natural science, and secondly, that 

 this problem, of which the solution had appeared so hopeless, might 

 now be attacked by the same methods as were being applied with 

 success to unravelling the origins of other members of the Animal 

 Kingdom 1 . 



The range of anthropological studies was in this way very con- 

 siderably enlarged about the middle of the 19th century and, in 

 particular, the study of human crania (which has already been 

 mentioned as forming a subsection of Anthropology from the time 

 of Blumenbach) was now energetically pursued in various European 

 countries. In this connection the names of Retzius, Huxley, 

 Lucae, Virchow, Schaaffhausen, Flower and Turner 2 are of note, 

 but above and beyond all these stands the French observer Paul 

 Broca, whose work has had an almost incomparable influence on 

 the study of Craniology 3 . This study has been spoken of as 

 distinct from that of Human Morphology, but it is important to 

 notice that the successful newcomers in this field recognized that 

 Craniology is to be regarded as essentially a branch of Human 

 Morphology, and that only in this way can it lead to reliable 

 results: the omission to recognize this important fact has led to 

 many misconceptions and to the vain expenditure of much mis- 

 directed energy in Craniology. 



1 The ancestry of the horse as demonstrated by Huxley is a good example in 

 point. 



2 Professor Sir William Turner recently published a complete list of his works 

 (published by Neill & Co., Edinburgh, 1910). Particular attention is directed to his 

 Presidential Address to Section H, British Association for the Advancement of 

 Science. Toronto, 1897. 



3 Paul Broca was born in 1824. Educated as a surgeon, he not unnaturally 

 first published work dealing with surgical topics, such as the surgery of aneurism. 

 In 18-59 Broca published a contribution to biological literature entitled "Hvln i.lity," 

 pointing out the interest of the phenomena of hybridity in connection with the 

 stability and fixity of animal species. In this work the special case of man is 

 discussed, and doubt cast on the occurrence of Eugenesis, or the fertility of the 

 offspring of individuals of strongly contrasted race ; these doubts have been resolved 

 in the negative. 



In the same year (1859) Broca published the first of a long series of works upon 

 the prehistoric inhabitants of Western Europe ; the first contribution dealt with the 

 Ethnology of France, shewing the effects of invasions upon the primitive autoch- 

 thones of that land. Numerous essays on the human skeleton and particularly 

 upon the skull followed. Attention was then diverted to the soft tissues, and like 

 Blumenbach, Broca worked out an anatomical comparison [ParalUle, as it is termed 



