CONTENTS Xlll 



PAGE 



— Comparison between diagrams obta'ned bv these methods 

 and those obtained by instantaneous photography — Chrono- 

 photography applied to the representation of a horse in 

 motion — Artistic representation of the horse among the 

 ancients — Locomot on of the horse from the physiological 

 point of view — Geometrical chronophotography of the move- 

 ments taken as a whole— Individual movements of the foot 

 and fetlock 186 



CHAPTER XII 



LOCOMOTION IN WATER 



Summary. — Different types of loeomotmn in water — Method of 

 photographing aquatic animals — Jelly fish: Cornatula* — 

 Locomotion by means of undulatory nnd lateral movements ; 

 the eel — best arrangement for studying its movements — 

 Locomotion by means of undulatory and vertical movements; 

 the skate — special arrangement for studying its vertical un- 

 dulations from different points of view— Undulatory move- 

 ments of the skate as seen from the side : ditto as seen 

 from in front — The sea-horse : the fresh- water tortoise — 

 Slow movements of star-fish — Lncomoti< n of small marine 

 animals 211 



CHAPTER XIII 



AERIAL LOCOMOTION 



The Flight of Birds 



Si mmary. — Borelli's theory on the mechanism of the flight of 

 birds — Chronography u>ed for determining the frequency 

 of the movements of the wing, and the relative dura- 

 tion of the rise and fall — Myography — Method of record- 

 ing the phases of contraction and relaxation of the wing 

 muscles — Record of the trajectory of a bird's humerus, and 

 the variations in inclination of the surface of the wing — 

 Pii olographic trajectory of the tip of the wing — Chroi.o- 

 photography as showing the successive attitudes of the bird 

 during the different phases of movement of the wings — 

 Photographs of hirds taken from different aspects — Simul- 

 taneous chronophotographv 226 



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