XIV CONTENTS 



CHAPTER XIV 



AERIAL LOCOMOTION 

 The Flight of Insects 



Summauy. — Frequency of the movements of insects' wings as 

 estimated by the sound produced in flying — Mechanical re- 

 gistration of the movements of the wings; frequency among 

 different species — Synchronous movements of the wings — 

 Changes in inclination of the win-j; surface — Trajectory of 

 in insect's wing — Its interpretation — Experiments to de- 

 monstrate the direction of movement of the wing, and its 

 variations in piane — The artificial insect — Theory of the 

 flight of insects — Photography as applied to the study of 

 insect flight — Lendenfeld's experiments — Trajectory of the 

 wing as the insect advances — Photography on moving films 

 — Arrangement of the experiment — Different types of flying 

 insects : Bees, flies, tipulce- Substantiation of the mechanical 

 theory of flight 



CHAPTER XV 



COMPARATIVE LOCOMOTION 



Summary. — Comparative locomotion among terrestrial mammals: 

 the man, the horse, the elephant — Comparative locomotion 

 among different kinds of birds— Classification of different 

 types of locomotion- Comparative locomotion of tortoises 

 and lizards ; frogs, toads, and tadpoles ; snakes, eels, and 

 fish ; insects and spiders 258 



CHAPTER XVI 



APPLICATIONS OF CHRONOPHOTOGUAPHY TO EXPERIMENTAL 

 PHYSIOLOGY 



Soimary. — Numerous applications of chronophotography ; it 

 supplements the information derived from the graphic 

 method — Study of the movements of the heart by means of 

 the graphic method — Photography of the successive phases 

 of cardiac action in a tortoise under conditions of artificial 

 circulation — Variations in shape and capacity of the auricles 

 and ventricles during a cardiac cycle-- Mechanism of car- 

 diac pulsation studied by means of chronophotography — 

 Comparative advantages of mechanical and chronophoto- 

 graphic registration — Determination of the centres of move- 

 ments in joints 275 



