MANAGEMENT BREEDING BEEF CATTLE. 139 



etc., and their roughage should consist of clover or alfalfa, 

 if possible. 



Cows may be tied in double stalls, and their calves 

 kept in box stalls near by them. By feeding the cows twice 

 each day and allowing the calves to suck at the same time, 

 the cows can be turned out in the middle of the day to water 

 and rough fodder. 



Young bulls may be kept two in a stall, but not very 

 satisfactorily. One is usually enough in a box stall, espe- 

 cially if he is of any size. Bulls require plenty of exercise 

 and sunshine in winter and should be pushed ahead as rapidly 

 as possible after weaning. 



Young heifers will thrive exceedingly well and require 

 very little attention if allowed to run in a comfortable shed 

 which opens to the south. Of course they will need a liberal 

 grain ration, but as a rule will develop into stronger, hardier 

 cows. Every individual in the herd, except the very smallest 

 calves, should get outside for water, rough fodder and exer- 

 cise every day during winter, with the exception of a few of 

 the severest winter days. 



Scours being a very common malady among the calves 

 of every herd, precaution should be exercised in order to 

 keep the disease out of the barn. 



Regular feeding is an all important thing; and every 

 feeder should have a definite plan or routine of work. Sev- 

 eral small yards should be available in winter, and small 

 pasture lots in summer, for calves. In summer the calves 

 and young bulls are better inside during the day in a dark- 

 ened barn, so that the flies will not torment them. Always 

 keep plenty of water and salt in the fields in summer and 

 the yards in winter. 



The feet and horns should also receive attention, and at 

 the right time. What little attention the calves' feet need 

 can be done with a good blacksmith's knife or a pocket knife. 

 The horns can be improved considerable in many cases 

 while they are soft and small. For instance, if a horn tends 

 to turn up or back too far, it can be directed forward or 

 backward by trimming it with a knife on back or top. When 

 cows', heifers' and bulls' feet cannot be trimmed without 

 more or less trouble, the animal should be put in a stocks, 

 which can be quite easily constructed by any farmer. Every 

 breeder should have one of these stocks. Pregnant cows, 



