298 LIVE STOCK MANAGEMENT. 



ing on the inside, and on the outside a tier of rough boards 

 overlaid with paper and then sheeted on the outside of this. 

 This leaves a four inch dead air space which is an excellent 

 non-conductor of both heat and cold. 



A pig pen should be well ventilated. No animals can 

 thrive in an atmosphere of impure air. But ventilation must 

 be secured without creating an appreciable draft or too 

 great an inflow of cold air. Sufficient fresh air may be 

 created through the cracks in the doors and windows, and 

 the foul air may find an escape through flues leading to 

 openings in the roof. When the weather is very severe 

 the opening should be closed. Another means of admitting 

 fresh air is by the use of the sub-earth duct which consists 

 of one or two rows of tile laid along under the alleyway and 

 having an opening both on the outside where the air enters- 

 and on the inside where it escapes into the pens. The out- 

 side end should be screened by wire netting to prevent the- 

 entrance of rats and other little animals. Flues may be 

 constructed in such a way as to open on the outside at the- 

 bottom of the wall and on the inside at the roof, and through 

 this fresh air will find its way into the pens and be dis- 

 tributed. The sub-earth duct plan commends itself because 

 in the winter the air is warmed while passing in as the earth 

 is warmer than the outside, and in the summer the air 

 entering is cooler than the outside air and thus cools off 

 the pen. 



While securing ventilation you must not overlook the- 

 matter of drafts, for these are very harmful to pigs that are 

 lying down sleeping, and especially the young pigs. Air 

 sorts of troubles are brought on by exposure to drafts. 



Pigs, too, should have warmth, as it takes less food to 

 maintain pigs in warm quarters, but good ventilation should 

 be sought first as pigs will do much better in colder quarters 

 with good fresh air in abundance than they will in warm ones 

 with the fresh air denied them. Provide a good, clean bed" 

 of straw or leaves or some such material, dry walls, good 

 feed, fresh air and sunlight, and healthy, robust, vigorous 

 pigs should be the result, other things being equal. 



The combination breeding, farrowing and feeding pen 

 which consists of a large building containing a feed and 

 boiler room and alleyway and properly fitted pens, is one- 

 which is very suitable in many sections, especially so be- 



