94 DUAL, PURPOSE CATTLE. 



natural flesh, and make a desirable carcass of beef from the 

 same by any system of feeding and management. 



Difficulty has often arisen in the show ring, from a failure 

 on the part of the judge, to recognize both qualities. In many 

 cases they have been judged with a total disregard of dairy 

 qualities; while in other cases judges have made the still 

 worse error of entirely disregarding beef form and natural 

 flesh. 



A happy combination of beef and dairy qualities is desired. 

 The form should be deep, with good width of chest; the ribs 

 long and well sprung, giving good width of back and a large 

 barrel, ensuring capacity to utilize large quantities of feed. 

 A straight top line is as essential as in the beef breeds, but 

 the under line is not expected to be as straight, owing to a 

 lighter hind flank; the fore flank, however, should be as well 

 filled out as in any other class of stock. The hindquarters 

 should be wide, the rump long and well filled; the thigh, 

 however, is lighter, and the twist not filled down as in beef 

 bred animals for this space is required for the udder. The 

 shoulders are finer and more closely laid in to the spinal 

 column than in beef cattle; the neck should be of moderate 

 length, and more refined than in beef cows; the head should 

 be of moderate length and breadth, the face somewhat con- 

 cave between the eyes, and on the whole somewhat finer and 

 less meaty than in beef cattle. Constitution must receive 

 special attention, and a deeper chest than usual is expected, 

 with somewhat less width than in beef stock. The bone is 

 finer, and the skin softer and more pliable to the hand, be- 

 ing somewhat lighter than in beef animals. A good covering 

 of natural flesh over the valuable parts must be looked for; 

 its presence indicates that the cow will, when the flow of 

 milk ceases, divert her food to the production of a good 

 beef carcass. The milking properties, while indicated to 

 some extent by the large barrel, lighter thighs, and finer 

 skin, are chiefly determined from the udder and milk veins. 

 The udder should be large, extending well up behind between 

 the thighs, and attaching high. It should also extend well 

 forward on the belly, and should be well balanced that is, 

 the quarters should be of approximately the same size and 

 shape. The teats should be placed well apart, and should 

 be of such size as to be conveniently grasped by the hand. 

 The milk veins should be large, tortuous, and branching, and 



