JUDGING LIVE STOCK. 119 



by a high attachment behind, and by the extension well for- 

 ward on belly, of the udder. Inasmuch as there should be, 

 in the udder, only glandular structures, connective tissue, 

 blood vessels, nerves, and such fibrous tissue as is necessary 

 to sustain the udder, no fleshiness should be apparent; if 

 present, it indcates the presence of an unnecessary amount 

 of tissue, which can be of no use, and which may interfere 

 wth the working of the milk-secreting glands. The teats 

 merely serve to draw the milk from the udder, and the only 

 necessary requirement is that they shall permit of the passage 

 of a good stream of milk, and shall be of a size easily grasped 

 by the hand. The milk veins discharge most of the blood 

 which passes through the udder, and hence are useful in 

 determining the blood flow. Large, long, tortuous milk veins, 

 branching and entering the body by large milk wells, almost 

 invariably characterize heavy milkers. 



In conclusion, it should be clearly borne in mind that judg- 

 ing dairy cows by individuality is only an approximation to 

 accurate results, and while it is possible to distinguish be- 

 tween good milch cows and those of medium or inferior milk- 

 ing capacity, the only absolutely accurate test between good 

 milch cows must be secured by means of the scales and the 

 Babcock test. 



In judging dairy bulls the same general form (modified 

 only by sexual differences) and quality must be looked for as 

 in cows. A bull's merit, from a dairy standpoint, depends 

 upon his ability to sire cows of great milking capacity; and 

 this is very largely determined by the milking capacity of his 

 dam, and grand-dams. This, of course, is not considered in 

 show ring judging, but it should be. Under present rulings 

 it is necessary to judge bulls by their general approach to 

 the dairy type; due attention should also be given to mas- 

 culinity. 



