140 CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLSTEIN-FRIESIANS. 



ably disposed of for beef when it is deemed advisable. The 

 male calves are usually fattened and sold as veal, and prove 

 very satisfactory on this score, as they are very rapid 

 growers and fatten well while young. 



The Holstein-Friesian Association has established a very 

 complete scale of points, for use in scoring animals for ad- 

 mission to advanced registry. 



Scale of Points of the Holstein-Friesian Association of Amer- 

 ica, with a Uniform System of Discredits. 



(The items of description following each head of the scale 

 should be passed upon separately, and the amount of dis- 

 credit marked down on the margin. The uniform discredits 

 to be given are noted under each full description. V. s. means 

 very slight deficiency; s., slight; m., marked; v. m., very 

 marked; e., extreme. The difference between the sum of 

 such discredits and 100 will be the standard of the animal 

 by this scale.) 



For Bulls. 



Head, 2. Showing full vigor; elegant in contour. Discredit, 

 v. s. y 8 ; s. i/4 ; m. y 2 ; v. m. % ; e. 1. 



Forehead, 2. Broad between the eyes; dishing. Discredit, 

 v. s. y 8 ; s. ^4 ; m. % ; v. m. % ; e. 1. 



Face, 2. Of medium length; clean and trim especially under 

 eyes; the bridge of the nose straight; the muzzle broad. 

 Discredit, s. %; m. %; e. %. 



Ears, 1. Of medium size; of fine texture; the hair plentiful 

 and soft; the secretions oily and abundant. Discredit, 

 m. i/ 8 ; e. 14. 



Eyes, 2. Large; full; mild; bright. Discredit, s. %; m. % ; 

 e. %. 



Horns, 2. Short; of medium size at base; gradually dimin- 

 ishing toward tips; oval; inclining forward; moderately 

 curved inward; of fine texture; in appearance waxy. Dis- 

 credit, m. %; e. %. 



Neck, 5. Finely crested (if animal is mature), fine and clean 

 at juncture with the head; nearly free from dewlap; strong- 

 ly and smoothly joined to shoulders. Discredit, v. s. % ; 

 s. i/4; m. y 2 ; v. m. %; e. 1. 



Shoulders, 4. Of medium height; of medium thickness and 

 smoothly rounded at top; broad and full at sides; smooth 



