174 DOCTRINE OF EVOLUTION 



really the descendants of the older types, and so a direct 

 comparison cannot be made. It is true that the brain 

 capacities of the man of Spy, of the Neanderthal, and of 

 the English caverns are lower than those of modern civi- 

 lized races, but the differences are not so striking and 

 not so clearly indicative of the apelike ancestor of 

 man as in the case of the previous comparison of 

 Pithecanthropus with apes and men. 



The foregoing facts illustrate the conclusive evidence 

 brought forward by science that human evolution in 

 phj^sical respects is true. Even if we wished to do so, 

 we cannot do avv^ay with the facts of structure and 

 development and fossil history, nor is there any other 

 explanation more reasonable than evolution for these 

 facts. If now we should inquire into the causes of this 

 process, we would find again that the present study of 

 man and men reveals their subjection to the laws of 

 nature which accomplish evolution elsewhere in the 

 organic world. 



The fact of human variation requires no elucidation ; 

 it is as real for men as for insects and trees. Indeed, 

 some of the most significant facts of variation have been 

 first made out in the case of the human species. The 

 struggle for existence can be seen in everyday life. We 

 cannot doubt its reality when scores perish annually 

 because of their failure to withstand the extreme degrees 

 of temperature during midwinter and midsummer; 

 when starvation causes so many deaths, and when the 

 incessant combat with bacterial enemies alone brings 

 the list of casualties on the human side in our own 



