192 DOCTRINE OF EVOLUTION 



the Indians of South America. Traveling still farther 

 southward, we meet the very tall Patagonian, still an 

 Indian in essential respects, and finall}^, the Yahgan 

 and Alacaluf of the Fuegian region, the most degenerate 

 members of the race. The last-mentioned people are 

 dull and brutish and most degraded in all respects, 

 and stand at the lowest end of the red Indian series 

 as regards intellectual ability and cultural attainment. 



We now come to the last of the four great divisions of 

 the human species which includes the races usually 

 spoken of as Africans or Ethiopians. But these races 

 are by no means restricted to the continent of Africa, 

 for quite as typical black types are found in far-distant 

 lands such as Australia and many islands of the Pacific 

 Ocean. The races assigned to this division group them- 

 selves about two subordinate types, — the tall negro 

 proper and the shorter or dwarf negrito, — and each of 

 these has representatives both in Africa and in the 

 oceanic territory. 



The black slaves of America were all descended from 

 typical negros brought from the western part of Africa, 

 and they provide us with adequate illustrations of Ethi- 

 opians as a group. In them the stature is above the 

 average of men in general, specifically about five feet 

 ten inches. The short jet-black hair is strikingly dif- 

 ferent from the head covering of the other great groups 

 of human races ; each individual hair is so flat in cross- 

 section that it curls into a very tight close spiral, and 

 this brings about a frizzly appearance of the whole head 

 covering. There is little or no beard, the skin is soft 



