EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN SPECIES 183 



Indian. It may be hollowed out at the bridge instead 

 of arched; again, it may be nearly an equilateral tri- 

 angle in outline, as in the Veddahs, and the nostrils may 

 open somewhat forward instead of downward. As 

 many as fifteen distinct varieties of the human nose 

 have been catalogued by Bertillon. 



These are the principal bodily characters which the 

 anthropologist uses to distinguish races and by their 

 means to determine the more immediate or remote com- 

 munity of origin of comparable types. Many of these 

 characteristics, as indeed we may already see, are de- 

 cidedly important in connection with the second problem 

 specified above, for in the case of the flat triangular 

 nose and projecting jaws of a low negroid we may 

 discern clear resemblances to certain features of the 

 apes. 



Long before the doctrine of evolution was understood 

 and adopted, students of the human races had been 

 deeply impressed by their natural resemblances. As 

 early as 1672 Bernier divided human beings accord- 

 ing to certain of these fundamental similarities into four 

 groups ; namely, the white European, the black African, 

 the yellow Asiatic, and the Laplander. Linnaeus, in 

 the eighteenth century, included Homo sapiens in his 

 list of species, recognizing four subspecies in the Euro- 

 pean, Asiatic, African, and Indian of America. Blu- 

 menbach in 1775 added the Malay, thus giving the five 

 types that most of us learned in our school days. But 

 the different varieties of men recognized by these 

 observers were believed to be created in their modern 



