EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN SPECIES 193 



and velvety and of various shades approaching black 

 in color. The skull is long, the cheek bones are small, 

 but the most distinctive characteristics of the head are 

 found in the apelike ridges over the eyes and in the 

 very broad flat nose which projects only slightly and 

 turns up so that the nostrils open forward to a marked 

 degree, while in the jaws there is an astonishing diver- 

 gence from the Caucasian condition in the great pro- 

 trusion which causes the angle at the chin to be about 

 sixty degrees. 



The warlike Zulus and other peoples of Southern and 

 Central Africa are perhaps the most characteristic 

 races in this division. Their relatives are found to the 

 northward as far as the Sahara desert, along the south- 

 ern borders of which they have spread out to the east- 

 ward and westward. Fusion with other races has taken 

 place along this border so that many of these northern 

 tribes are much lighter than the Zulus in the color of 

 the skin. But many relatives of the taller African negro 

 are found in other parts of the world, namely in Aus- 

 tralia, and in New Hebrides and New Caledonia — 

 islands to the north and east of this continent. The 

 Papuan of New Guinea is a typical negro in all true 

 respects, with strongly marked Ethiopian character- 

 istics, though there are some differences which are 

 transitional to the more aberrant natives of Melanesia, 

 which includes many archipelagos like the Fiji, Bis- 

 marck, Marshall, and Solomon islands. Undoubtedly 

 the most degenerate member of the tall negro division 

 is the Australian native, the so-called " blackfellow." 

 The bulbous nose and the well-grown beard mark him 

 off from the typical stock, but his obvious relation- 



