1 8 APES, MONKEYS, AND LEMURS 



no living member of the order has more than three of these teeth. Very fre- 

 quently again, and indeed invariably in the apes and monkeys, there are but 

 two incisor teeth on each side of both the upper and the lower jaws. 



With the single exception of the curious aye-aye of Madagascar, there are at 

 least two mammae situated on the breast of the females of all members of the order. 



These, then, are the chief common characters possessed by apes and monkeys 

 on the one hand and lemurs on the other ; but, such as they are, they are 

 considered of sufficient importance by a considerable number of zoologists to justify 

 the inclusion of both groups in a single order. The two groups constitute, how- 

 ever, separate suborders, of which the first is termed the Anthropoidea , and the 

 second the Lemuroidea. We shall point out how the latter group is distinguished 

 from the former when we come to the consideration of the -lemurs themselves; and 

 we accordingly now proceed to consider the first family of the Apes and Monkeys. 



The Man-like Apes are but few in number, and are also those 

 The Man-like . . . , r , . ir ~ 



which come nearest, in point of structure, to man himself. Con- 

 sidered, indeed, from a purely zoological point of view, man repre- 

 sents merely a separate family Hominidce of the Primates, which should occupy 

 the place of honor at the head of all the other Mammals. Since, however, the 

 special sciences, anthropology and ethnology, are devoted solely to the history of 

 man, we shall here content ourselves by incidentally mentioning a few of the 

 structural features by which he is distinguished from the Man-like Apes. 



Apart, then, from man himself, the Man-like Apes include the largest 

 representatives of the Primates. They are exclusively restricted to the Old World, 

 where they are found only in the dense forests of the warmest and dampest 

 regions. They are all characterized by their strikingly human-like form, although 

 none of them habitually walk solely on their hind-limbs without obtaining ad- 

 ditional support from their long arms. 



In all the larger species the resemblance to man is more marked 

 __ in the young than in the adult ; while in the adult the human 



characteristics are more pronounced in the female than the male. Dr. 

 Robert Hartmann, of Berlin, who has devoted much attention to the Man-like 

 Apes, observes that "in the gorilla, the chimpanzee, and the orang-outang, the 

 external form is subject to essential modifications, according to the age and sex. 

 The difference between the sexes is most strongly marked in the gorilla, and these 

 differences are least apparent in the gibbons. When a young male gorilla is com- 

 pared with an aged animal of the same species we are almost tempted to believe 

 that we have to do with two entirely different creatures. While the young male 

 still displays an evident approximation to the human structure, and develops in its 

 bodily habits the same qualities which generally characterize the short- tailed apes of 

 the Old World, with the exception of the baboon, the aged male is otherwise 

 formed. In the latter case the points of resemblance to the human type are far 

 fewer ; the aged animal has become a gigantic ape, retaining indeed, in the 

 structure of his hands and feet, the characteristics of the Primates, while the pro- 

 truding head is something between the muzzle of the baboon, the bear, and the boar. 

 Simultaneously with these remarkable alterations of the external structure there 



