THE MAN-LIKE APES 19 



occurs a modification of the skeleton. The skull of an aged male gorilla becomes 

 more projecting at the muzzle, and the canine teeth have almost attained the 

 length of those of lions and tigers. On the upper part of the skull, which is 

 rounded in youth, great bony crests are developed on the crown of the head and on 

 the occiput. . . . The arches above the eye-sockets are covered with wrinkled 

 skin, and the already savage and indeed revolting appearance of the old gorilla is 

 thereby increased." 



In all the Man-like Apes the number of the teeth is the same as in 



man himself that is to say, there are on each side of both the upper 

 and lower jaws two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars; the 

 formula thus being: zf, c\, />f, m%, making a total of 32 teeth. Not only do the 

 teeth agree in number with those of man, but, with the exception of the great size 

 of the tusks, or canines, of the males, they likewise resemble them in structure. 

 We are familiar with the form of our own molar teeth, which have wide crowns, 

 with their angles rounded off and surmounted by four main tubercles set somewhat 

 obliquely to one another ; and the molars of the Man-like Apes are of the same gen- 

 eral type of structure. In the apes, however, the whole series of teeth does not 

 present the horse-shoe-like contour which is so characteristic of our own teeth; but, 

 on the contrary, the cheek-teeth form nearly straight lines, having an angulated 

 junction with the curved line of the front teeth. 



Other None of these apes possess the peculiar pouches in the cheeks 



Character- occurring in many of the monkeys, and none of them have any trace 



of a tail. Moreover, the naked patches so often found on the buttocks 

 of the other Primates are either absent or, if present, are of very small size. 

 All of these animals agree, however, with the monkeys, and thereby differ from 

 man in the great length of the arms as compared with that of the legs ; this 

 difference being very clearly indicated in our figures of the skeleton of man and 

 the gorilla. Another characteristic of the Man-like Apes shown in the figures last 

 referred to is the great breadth and flatness of the breastbone or sternum, this 

 being a feature in which they agree with man, and differ from baboons and 

 monkeys. Then, again, some of the Man-like Apes differ from the latter and 

 resemble man in the absence of a small bone occupying a central position in the 

 wrist, and hence known as the centrale of the carpus. 



In addition to the points already mentioned, man is distinguished from the 

 Man-like Apes by the greater relative size of his brain and the portion of the skull 

 in which it is contained, as compared with the face and muzzle. His canine teeth 

 are, moreover, but little longer than the other teeth, and are thus quite unlike the 

 huge tusks of the male gorilla and orang. The great toe is also relatively longer, 

 and is, at the most, only opposable in a very limited degree to the other toes. 

 Moreover, the whole skeleton of man, as will be seen from our figure, is of a lighter 

 and neater build, with certain peculiar curvatures of the lower part of the back- 

 bone, which permit of the assumption of the perfectly upright position without 

 fatigue, and without need of any support from the arms, which do not reach below 

 the middle of the thigh. Again, no ape has an ear modeled on the beautiful lines 

 of that of the human species. The naked body of man is not, however, a character 



