28 APES, MONKEYS, AND LEMURS 



for themselves ; an elaborate illustration of such a structure being given in Du 

 Chaillu's Equatorial Africa. 



It is said that chimpanzees will generally take to flight at the sight of man, 

 but that when driven to bay, or their retreat cut off, they will attack him fiercely, 

 and are then very awkward customers with which to deal. Dr. Livingstone, in his 

 Last Journals, gave an account and sketch of a chimpanzee hunt by the Manyema 

 tribe, describing these animals under their name of Soko, but apparently confusing 

 them with the gorilla. The doctor's graphic sketch shows four chimpanzees sur- 

 rounded by natives, one of the former having received its death wound, a second 

 with a spear in its back, and a fourth making a vigorous onslaught on one of the 

 hunters, whose hand it has seized in its mouth. Dr. Livingstone states that the 

 chimpanzee "kills the leopard occasionally, by seizing both paws and biting them, 

 so as to disable them ; he then goes up a tree, groans over his wounds, and some- 

 times recovers, while the leopard dies. The lion kills him at once, and sometimes 

 tears his limbs off, but does not eat him. The soko eats no flesh ; small bananas 

 are his dainties, but not maize. His food consists of wild fruits, and of these one 

 is large, a large sweet sop but indifferent in taste. The soko brings forth at 

 times twins. ' ' 



In captivity chimpanzees, when in health, are gentle, intelligent, 



and affectionate, readily learning to feed themselves with a spoon, or 

 in Captivity 



to drink out of a glass or cup. Unfortunately, however, their span of 



life in this country is but brief. The longest period that a chimpanzee has 

 hitherto lived in the Zoological Society's Gardens is eight years; "Sally," who 

 died in 1891, having been kept there for that time. 



One of the earliest accounts of the chimpanzee in captivity was given by the 

 late Mr. Broderip, and is to be found quoted in most works on Natural History. 

 It relates to a young male brought from the Gambia in the year 1835, which was 

 deposited in the menagerie of the London Zoological Society. Dr. Hartmann has 

 also published an interesting description of the habits of another male, which was 

 exhibited in the Berlin Aquarium in 1876, and was remarkable for its unusually 

 lively and cheerful disposition. 



More recent, and thus probably less widely known, is, however, the 

 Sally" 



description by Dr. J. G. Romanes of the mental power of the bald 



chimpanzee, " Sally," already mentioned as having lived so long in London. This 

 account was written in 1889, after the creature had been nearly six years in the 

 Zoological Gardens. The intelligence of ' ' Sally ' ' is compared by Dr. Romanes to 

 that of a child a few months before emerging from the period of infancy, and is 

 thus far higher than that of any other Mammal (exclusive of man). In spite, 

 however, of this relatively high degree of intelligence, the creature's power of 

 making vocal replies to her keepers, or those with whom she was brought into con- 

 tact, were of the most limited kind. Such replies were, indeed, restricted to three 

 peculiar grunting noises. One of these indicated assent or affirmation ; another, 

 of very similar intonation, denoted refusal or distrust; while the third, and 

 totally different intonation, was used to express thanks or recognition of favors. 

 Indisposition "Sally" was, like many of her sex, apt to be capricious and un- 



