THE TRUE BABOONS 137 



beyond the upper lip, but is somewhat less elongated than in the chacma, and 

 has small swellings corresponding to those so enormously developed in the next 

 species. 



As its name indicates, it is an inhabitant of Guinea ; and although, judging 

 from the number of specimens that are imported into Europe, it must be common, 

 we have no record of its habits and mode of life in a state of nature. Of those in 

 a state of confinement we have, however, numerous accounts, from the time of 

 Buffon downwards ; the species being frequently carried about by itinerant show- 

 men. 



THE MANDRILL {Cynocephalus mormon) 



With the hideous creature represented in the figure on the next page we come 

 to the first of two West African species of baboons, distinguished from all those we 

 have hitherto considered by the reduction of the tail to a short stump, and also by 

 the long tuberculous swellings on either side of the muzzle, which communicate the 

 peculiarly hideous expression to the face. Moreover, the whole head is larger in 

 proportion to the body than in the other baboons, and as the fore-quarters also 

 appear to be relatively higher in proportion to the hinder parts, the general appear- 

 ance is ungainly in the extreme. In fact, the whole appearance is far more sugges- 

 tive of the forms imagined during a nightmare than is the case with any other 

 living Mammal. 



It has been suggested by several naturalists that these two species ought to be 

 separated from all the other baboons in a genus by themselves ; and the late Dr. 

 Gray even went so far as to make each of them the type of a distinct genus. This 

 separation is, however, uncalled for, since both are true baboons in all essential 

 characteristics ; the small size of the tail being merely analogous to the condition 

 which we have seen in certain members of the macaque monkeys, while the huge 

 swellings on the face are only exaggerated developments of the smaller ones found 

 in the Guinea baboon. 



The mandrill, as the species represented in the accompanying illustration is 

 called, is the largest of all the baboons, and is, in truth, a brute of tremendous 

 power and ferocity. Its leading characteristics as a species are to be found in the 

 circumstance that its short and tuberculous tail has its under surface naked, and 

 that the swellings on the face are ornamented with a brilliant coloration in the adult 

 state, and are of enormous dimensions. 



From the great development of these swellings on the sides of the muzzle, Pen- 

 nant gave to the mandrill the name of rib- faced baboon, but this has generally been 

 discarded by modern writers in favor of the former term. And here we may take 

 the opportunity of mentioning that, according to the investigations of Professor 

 Huxley, the name mandrill seems to signify a man-like baboon ; the term drill being 

 an old English word of which one meaning denotes a baboon or ape. 



The limbs of the mandrill are characterized by their relative shortness and 

 powerful build, and in correlation with these the form of the body is likewise power- 

 ful and robust. The ugly and massive head has scarcely any distinct forehead, the 



