THE TRUE BABOONS 139 



line of the back, the nape of the neck, and the flanks ; and lighter on the cheeks. 

 The summit of the head is crowned with a crest of dark hair directed backwards in 

 a pointed and peaked form, while the chin is ornamented with a small pointed beard 

 of an orange-yellow color. To add to the strange effect of all these varied tints the 

 large naked callosities on the buttocks are of a bright biood-red color. The pointed 

 crest on the crown gives to the whole head a somewhat triangular form ; and in har- 

 mony with this peculiar contour we find the naked biuisn-DiacK ears angulated at 

 their fore-and-aft borders, suggesting the appearance of naving been cropped. The 

 truncated muzzle is surrounded by a raised border like that of the swine ; from which 

 circumstance it has been considered by some writers that the mandrill is the problem- 

 atical animal alluded to by Aristotle as Chceropithecus (hog-ape), but this identifi- 

 cation is by no means certain. 



Such are the colors of the adult male mandrill, but the brilliant scarlet of the 

 middle and end of the muzzle is not assumed until the first, or milk set of teeth have 

 been replaced by the permanent series, while at a still younger age the whole of the 

 face is black. Moreover, it is only in the adult of the male sex that the swellings 

 on either side of the snout assume the enormous dimensions we have noticed. In 

 both the young males and in the females of all ages, these swellings are but of mod- 

 erate dimensions ; and in the female they are colored blue only. In correlation with 

 the smaller size of the fleshy swellings, the skulls of females and young males are 

 characterized by the much slighter development of the bony ridges underlying these 

 structures, which form such prominent features in the skulls of old males. 



In the wild state on the western coast of Africa mandrills appear to 

 have habits very like those of other baboons, living in large troops ; 

 and on this account, as well as from their size and strength, being exceedingly for- 

 midable antagonists. The accounts given by the earlier travelers of their attacking 

 men without being provoked require confirming ; and we are in want of full infor- 

 mation as to their habits in general. 



In confinement the chief characteristic appears to be that the ferocity and mo- 

 roseness common to the old males of all baboons is intensified. There is also a 

 marked liking for spirituous liquors of all kinds, which is likewise a trait exhibited 

 by other species of the genus. One of the earliest examples of an adult male man- 

 drill exhibited in London was the famous "Jerry," immortalized by Mr. Broderip, 

 which was kept first in the menagerie at Exeter Change, and then transferred to the 

 Surrey Zoological Gardens. This animal had learned to drink daily a pint of porter, 

 which he seemed thoroughly to appreciate, and he had also been taught to smoke 

 tobacco in a short clay pipe, although this accomplishment did not appear to be so 

 much to his taste. 



Of late years the mandrill has been represented by a comparatively small num- 

 ber of specimens in the London Zoological Society's Gardens. An extraordinary 

 animal was born in the Society's menagerie in the autumn of 1878, being a female 

 hybrid produced by a cross between a female mandrill and a male of the crab-eating 

 macaque (Macacus cynomolgus}. 



The mandrill is strictly confined to the tropical parts of Western Africa ; the 

 Gabun district being'perhaps its headquarters. 



