2 4 o APES, MONKEYS, AND LEMURS 



been shown that the middle pair of incisors in the upper jaw are separated from one 

 another by an intervening space, and it may be added here that they are of small 

 size. If, however, we examine the skull of a tarsier, we shall find that these central 

 upper incisors are, as in ourselves, of large size, and placed quite close to one 

 another. Then, again, we shall find that the upper tusk is much smaller than 

 in the typical lemurs. Moreover, if we examine the lower jaw, we shall see that the 

 tusk is formed by the canine tooth, instead of being the most anterior of the 

 premolars ; the latter tooth being smaller than either of the other two premolars, 

 instead of taking the form and function of a tusk, as in the true lemurs. In having 

 but a single pair of lower incisors, which an examination of its skull would show 

 to be the case, the tarsier agrees with the indri lemur ; but in the presence of 

 three premolars on either side of each jaw, it resembles the true lemurs. Its whole 

 series of teeth are thirty-four in number four more than in the indri, and two less 

 than in the true lemurs, and may be expressed by the formula i\ , c{, p\, m\. 



It is, therefore, clear that the tarsier differs very markedly from ordinary 

 lemurs ; and, if our observations made under the head of fossil lemurs have been 

 understood, it will be apparent that in this respect the tarsier is what zoologists 

 term a more generalized form than the true lemurs, and that it closely resembles the 

 extinct types. Indeed, the series of teeth in the extinct microchoere are expressed 

 by the same formula as the one denoting those of the tarsier. We may, therefore, 

 venture to conclude that this animal shows in its teeth signs of affinity with the 

 extinct European lemurs, which have been lost in the true lemurs and their allies. 

 In regard to the elongation of the bones of the upper half of the ankle, the tarsier 

 is, however, evidently a specialized, or highly modified creature ; and it is probable 

 that the same structural peculiarity did not exist in the Eocene lemurs. 



Another peculiarity of the tarsier is that the two bones of the lower leg, the 

 tibia and fibula, instead of being quite separate from one another, as in all other 

 lemurs, are united in their lower half. Then again, in place of only the toe next 

 the great toe being furnished with a sharp compressed claw, and all the other toes 

 having flat nails, the middle toe is also provided with a similar compressed and 

 pointed claw. 



We might refer to certain features connected with the structure of the skull of 

 the tarsier, and also mention some peculiarities in the anatomy of its soft parts ; but 

 sufficient has been said to show what a very remarkable creature it is when properly 

 studied, and to indicate why it is referred to as a distinct family. It is, indeed, 

 generalized, or little modified in regard to its teeth, but highly specialized, or much 

 modified in respect of the bony skeleton of its legs and feet. 



Dr. Guillemard calls special attention to the peculiar leaps made by his captive 

 tarsier ; and this habit of leaping is highly characteristic of the species, as we have 

 seen it to be of the galagos and mouse-lemurs, in which the ankle bones are modi- 

 fied in the same manner, although to a less degree. The tarsier is described as 

 progressing in the woods by a series of leaps from bough to bough, or along a single 

 bough ; and it doubtless makes use of similar leaps to pounce upon its living prey. 

 Its food consists chiefly of insects and small reptiles, and it does not appear that it 

 ever touches fruits. Tarsiers are rare in their native lands, and instead of going in 



