DOMESTIC DOGS 547 



differs, however, from all other members of the group by its coat of long shaggy hair, 

 with a thick under-fur, and the large bushy tail, carried curled over the back. The 

 development of this thick pelage is, however, probably an adaptive characteristic 

 due to the nature of the winter climate of the regions of which it is a native. The 

 expression of the countenance is stern and fierce, from the deeply-sunken eyes, 

 overhanging eyebrows, and the deep folds into which the skin of the forehead and 

 cheeks is thrown. The ears are pendent, and the greatest development of hair 

 is on the throat and chest. In color these dogs may be either entirely black, black 

 and tan, or tan ; and in size they are fully equal to the largest European dogs. 



The Tibet dog is used as a watch-dog in the villages and encampments in the 

 Highlands of Tibet and the neighboring regions, extending westward into Ladakh, 

 and southward into Sikhim. It is invaluable in protecting the flocks from the in- 

 roads of wolves and wild dogs. On 'reaching a Tibetan village or encampment in the 

 higher regions of L,adakh, the traveler is assailed by the baying of at least half a 

 dozen of these dogs, and until they are leisurely called off by the women the sensa- 

 tions of the visitor, as the writer knows by experience, are sometimes the reverse of 

 pleasant. In the more eastern portions of its range the Tibet dog, in common with 

 sheep and goats, is pressed into service as a beast of burden. 



F T . With the fox terrier we reach the last group of dogs, which includes 



the terriers, the poodle, and a few other species. All terriers have 

 moderately- short and highly-arched skulls, in which the elevation is mainly due to 

 the large size of the brain case, and consequently indicates a high degree of intelli- 

 gence, the jaws being generally rather short. 



The smooth fox terrior was formerly used for unearthing foxes, two of these 

 animals being attached to every pack of hounds ; but is now one of the most favored 

 breeds of companionable dogs. It should have a hard, thick, and glossy coat, of a 

 pure white ground color, more or less fully marked with black and tan, black, 

 or lemon color, liver-colored markings being objected to. The " true hound color," 

 that is white and black and tan, is the most esteemed ; and it is considered that this 

 type of coloration has been produced by a cross with either the black and tan terrier 

 or the beagle. There has been much discussion as to the advisability of a strain of 

 bull-dog blood in the smooth fox terrier ; such strain showing itself by a tendency 

 for the lower jaw to be " underhung," and also an unusual massiveness of the jaw 

 muscles. The weight may vary from fifteen or sixteen to twenty pounds. In a 

 pure-bred animal the head should be flat and rather narrow, tapering from the ears 

 to the muzzle, with a slight hollow in front of the eyes, but none between them. 

 The jaws should be long and tapering, with a moderate prominence of the masseter 

 muscle, and the nose must be black. The eyes are small, without prominence, and 

 the ears likewise small, in shape resembling the letter V, and set close to the cheeks, 

 with their points directed forward and downward. 



The rough fox terrier came into popular favor at a later date than the smooth 

 breed, although it had been bred for many years in the west of England. Stone- 

 henge, observes that it ' ' may be regarded in all respects as similar to his smooth 

 brother, with the exception of his coat, which on the body and legs should be about 

 twice the length of that on the smooth dog, with the addition of a thick under- 



