754 THE UNGULATES, OR HOOFED MAMMALS 



enby Park (Northamptonshire), Kilmory House (Argyleshire), Leigh Court 

 (Somersetshire), Lyme Park (Cheshire), Middleton Park (Lancashire), Naworth 

 Castle (Cumberland), Somerford Park (Cheshire), Whalley Abbey (Lancashire), 

 and Wollaton Park (Nottinghamshire). Of these numerous herds the only ones 

 now remaining are those at Cadzow, Chartley, Chillingham, Kilmory, Lyme, and 

 Somerford. 



The best known of all is the famous Chillingham herd. There is- 

 C^fl S sonte doubt as to the date of the inclosure of Chillingham Park, 



which, however, very probably took place early in the thirteenth cen- 

 tury ; and there is undoubted evidence of the existence of the herd rather more than 

 two hundred years ago. The Chillingham cattle are small, with moderately-rough 

 and curly hair, and short upwardly-directed horns. At the present day the insides 

 of the ears and the muzzles are red; but it appears that in 1692, black ears were 

 more numerous than red, and that the present coloration has been produced by 

 selection. Mr. J. Hindmarsh, writing in the year 1838, states that the Chillingham 

 cattle ' ' have pre-eminently all the characteristics of wild animals, with some pe- 

 culiarities which are very curious and amusing. They hide their young, feed in 

 the night, basking or sleeping during the day; they are fierce when pressed, but 

 generally speaking very timorous, moving off on the appearance of anyone, even at, 

 a great distance." The following statement of the numbers of the Chillingham 

 herd at different periods is compiled by Mr. Harting from numerous accounts which 

 have from time to time appeared. "In 1869, according to the steward's account, 

 the herd consisted of only fourteen breeding animals, bulls, and cows, and calves of 

 both sexes, and twelve steers; in all twenty-eight. In 1838, according to Mr. 

 Hindmarsh, there were about eighty, comprising twenty-five bulls, forty cows, and 

 fifteen steers of various ages. In May 1861, Mr. Darwin was informed by the 

 agent that they numbered about fifty. This was about the number we saw when 

 visiting the park in May 1863. In August 1873, the herd consisted of sixty-four 

 head, seventeen bulls of all ages from calves upward, nineteen steers, and twenty- 

 eight cows, heifers, and female calves. In October 1874, according to Lord Tan- 

 kerville (the owner), the herd numbered seventy -one. In March 1875, the number 

 had again decreased, amounting to sixty-two only, viz., fourteen bulls and bull 

 calves, thirty -one cows, and cow calves, and seventeen steers. In July 1877, there 

 were still fewer fifty -one only consisting of eight bulls, twenty-seven cows and 

 heifers, and sixteen steers. Lord Tankerville says they increase slowly, several dy- 

 ing each year by accidents or by overrunning their calves when disturbed; and the 

 cows breed slowly, owing to having frequently the calves still sucking in the second 

 year. ' ' 



The Cadzow cattle, belonging to the Duke of Hamilton, of which a. 



group is represented in our illustration, differ from the Chillingham 

 breed in having the ears and muzzles black, while there is also a greater or smaller 

 amount of black on the front of the fore-legs. Their heads are also more rounded, 

 and their limbs stouter; and very generally the cows are devoid of horns. This 

 herd is a very ancient one, and in 1874 numbered forty-five head, which in 1877 

 had increased to fifty-six. 



