826 THE UNGULATES, OR HOOFED MAMMALS 



be found in the lower incisor teeth, which have very narrow crowns. Good speci- 

 mens of the horns may measure some thirty-one inches along the curve, and 

 occasionally reach thirty-four and one-half and thirty-six inches. 



In the Central Caucasus, between Elburz and Daghestan, the pre- 

 Caucasian Tur ... .. . 1 j i ,1 ^ 



ceding form is replaced by the true Caucasian tur (C. caucasica), 



which is intermediate between it and Severtzow's. This tur is very similar in ap- 

 pearance to Pallas's, having horns with a spiral curvature, and approaching each 

 other at the tips, but with a nearly square cross section at the base, and with knobs 

 on the front surface. The color is very like that of Severtzow's tur, but the head 

 is more reddish, the beard like that of Pallas's, and the under part of the body 

 darker, while the tail has longer hairs. The incisors are like those of C. cylindri- 

 cornis and the horns vary from thirty to forty inches in length. 



Severtzow's tur (C. severtzowi*) inhabits the whole of the Western 

 Severtzow's _ , . , , . 



Tur Caucasus, and presents considerable local variation in color. It is a 



very strongly-built animal, standing about three feet at the withers. 

 Its general color is brownish gray with a yellowish tinge, the head and spine being 

 darker, the under parts a lighter shade of brown, and the limbs dark with a pale 

 stripe on their hinder surface. The brown beard is long and narrow, and the tail 

 very short. The most distinctive feature of this goat is, however, found in its 

 horns. These are very large, black in color, and directed upward and backward 

 in a scimitar-like form, curving almost entirely in a single plane, with their tips 

 widely separated, and generally directed downward, although occasionally outward. 

 The section of these horns at the base is triangular, and they are ornamented in 

 front with more or less distinct knobs, so that they are very like those of ibex, 

 although shorter and thicker. They vary somewhat in their degree of outward in- 

 clination being sometimes separated by as much as three feet at the tips and 

 those in which the outward inclination is most marked and the knobs most devel- 

 oped approach nearest to Pallas's tur. This form is further distinguished by the 

 crowns of the lower incisor teeth being wide and rounded. 



If we had only Pallas's tur and Severtzow's tur to deal with there would be no 

 hesitation in regarding them as distinct species, but the Caucasian tur, inhabiting 

 the intermediate area, suggests a passage from the one to the other. The habits 

 of these goats are probably very similar to those of the next species. 



THK SPANISH WILD GOAT (Capra pyrenaica) 



Although often termed an ibex, the Spanish wild goat the cabramontes of 

 the Spaniards is much more nearly allied to the turs. It is characterized by the 

 horns of the males having an upward and outward direction, and forming a slight 

 and very open spiral. They are flattened on the inner side and keeled behind, so 

 as to present a pyriform cross section. When seen from the front, as in the right- 

 hand figure of cut on next page, their form is somewhat lyrate, and on their 

 outer side they carry more or less well-marked bosses or knobs, resembling those on 

 the front of the horns of the ibex. There is a small but thick black beard, which 

 may be of considerable length. The general color of the hair is light brown, but it 



