1022 THE UNGULATES, OR HOOFED MAMMALS 



which differ markedly from all existing species; these fossil pigs occurring in Eu- 

 rope, North Africa, India, and China. One of the most remarkable is the Titan, 

 pig (S. titan) from the Siwalik hills, at the foot of the Himalayas. 

 Extinct Pigs In thig monster t h e i en gth of the skull was twenty-three inches, 

 against sixteen in an average-sized Indian wild pig, so that the height of the animal 

 could not have been much less than that of a fair-sized mule. The same deposits- 

 have also yielded remains of an extinct species which did not exceed the living 

 pygmy hog in point of size. Still more noteworthy are Falconer's pig (S . falconeri) 

 from the Siwalik hills, and some allied species from the Pleistocene deposits of 

 Southern India and Algeria, which in the extreme complexity of the lower teeth, 

 approximated to the under-mentioned wart hogs. The Auvergne pig (S. arver- 

 nensis) from the Pliocene of France, is believed, on the other hand, to be related to 

 the African bush pigs. In most of these extinct species the tusks of the boars, as 

 already mentioned, were relatively small. 



THE BABIROUSSA 

 Genus Babiroussa 



The extraordinary development of the tusks in the males of the animal to 

 which the Malays have given the name of babiroussa (meaning pig-deer) is so re- 

 markable as to suggest at first sight the idea of a malformation. The babiroussa 

 (Babiroussa alfurus), which is an inhabitant of Celebes and Boru, and is the sole 

 representative of its genus, has, indeed, derived its name from these abnormally- 

 developed tusks, which have led the Malays to liken them to the antlers of the deer. 

 In the boars, as is well exhibited in our figure of the skull, the upper tusks, while 

 curving upward like those of an ordinary wild pig, instead of protruding from the 

 margins of the jaws, arise close together near the middle line of the face, and 

 thence, after being directed upward for a short distance, sweep backward, fre- 

 quently coming into contact with the surface of the forehead, and are then finally 

 directed forward at the tip. The lower tusks have the same upward and back- 

 ward direction as those of the upper jaw, but are frequently less strongly curved, 

 although in other cases the direction of their sweep is not very different from that 

 of the latter. Both pairs of tusks are quite devoid of enamel, and,, as there is no- 

 abrasion of the one pair against the other, both grow uninterruptedly; the upper 

 tusks occasionally attaining a length of fourteen and one-half inches, we believe, 

 exclusive of the portion buried in the socket. In addition to the peculiar conforma- 

 tion of its tusks, the babiroussa differs from ordinary pigs in the diminished number 

 of its teeth, of which the total is only thirty-four; the missing teeth comprising the 

 outermost incisors and the first two premolars on each side of both the upper and 

 lower jaws. The molar teeth are characterized by their simple structure and the 

 small development of the third lobe of the last one in each jaw. 



The babiroussa has a nearly-naked skin of a dark ashy-gray color, sparsely cov- 

 ered with hair along the line of the back, and thrown into numerous wrinkles. The 

 ears are small, the tail is short and devoid of a terminal tuft, and the back is much 



